Modelling mechanical property recovery of a linepipe steel in annealing process

A through-process, thermomechanical model for predicting welding-induced microstructure evolution and post-weld high-temperature fatigue response

“…For grain growth after recrystallization, data accounting for rapid grain growth at high temperature [18] and more gradual grain growth with saturation values at different temperatures [4], was employed. Equations 11 and 12 are simplified versions of recrystallization and grain growth equations used by Li et al [19]. The calibration of this model is described in Fig.…”

“…, where  is current dislocation density and i is initial dislocation density for an unstrained material, or a material not experiencing plastic deformation, as used by Li et al [19]. Dislocation density accumulation (e.g.…”

“…18 and 19, normalized dislocation density increases with plastic strain. A similar formulation was used in[19] for large deformation during line pipe fabrication. In this work, the application of Eqns.…”

A novel constitutive model for multi-step stress relaxation ageing of a pre-strained 7xxx series alloy

“…where 1 is a material constant, and is suggested to be around 0.5 (Myhr et al, 2001, Barlat et al, 2002Li et al, 2009).…”

Modelling of dominant softening mechanisms for Ti-6Al-4V in steady state hot forming conditions

“…(10) A is material constant and C is temperature-dependent parameter. The isotropic hardening of the metal due to plastic deformation R is directly related to the dislocation density [37] and its evolution is given by Eq. (11).…”