Modelling of atmospheric transport and deposition of toxaphene into the great lakes ecosystem

Voldner, E.C.; Schroeder, W. H.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(89)90520-9

Cited by 59 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Previous models of toxaphene emission from soils, atmospheric transport, and deposition have considered only the whole technical mixture [16–21]. MacLeod et al [21] concluded that “a major refinement would be to model the toxaphene mixture as individual homolog groups rather than as a single chemical compound.” This work provides a basis for modeling the fractionation that takes place when toxaphene evaporates from soils.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An early transport model predicted dispersal of toxaphene from usage areas in the southern United States and deposition into the Great Lakes [20]. More recently, MacLeod et al [21] applied the Berkeley‐Trent North American mass balance contaminant fate model (BETR North America) to modeling the dynamic mass budget for toxaphene between 1945 to 2000 [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toxaphene concentrations in air samples in the Great Lakes region on the Canada-U.S. border are elevated when air masses arrive from the south [10,12,15], and this has resulted in toxaphene deposition into Lake Superior [14] and peat bogs near the Great Lakes and in eastern Canada [19]. An early transport model predicted dispersal of toxaphene from usage areas in the southern United States and deposition into the Great Lakes [20]. More recently, MacLeod et al [21] applied the Berkeley-Trent North American mass balance contaminant fate model (BETR North America) to modeling the dynamic mass budget for toxaphene between 1945 to 2000 [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil‐air relationships for toxaphene in the southern United States

Bidleman¹,

Leone²

2004

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Volatilization of toxaphene residues from agricultural soil was investigated at farms in the southern United States by collecting air samples 40 cm above the soil. The concentration of total toxaphene ranged over several orders of magnitude, from <3 to 6,500 ng g(-1) dry weight in soil, and <0.3 to 42 ng m(-3) in air. A log-log plot of total toxaphene concentrations in soil and overlying air showed a significant (p < 0.001) positive relationship, with r2 = 0.73. The soil/air fugacity ratio (FR) for 26 events ranged from 0.4 to 238, exceeded FR = 1.0 (soil/air equilibrium) in 24 events, and exceeded FR = 10 in 17 events. This indicates that toxaphene in air sampled at 40 cm generally was not at equilibrium but undersaturated with respect to the soil. Compared to a technical toxaphene standard, chromatographic profiles of toxaphene residues in soil and air showed alterations due to preferential degradation and volatilization of the components. Peaks matching the retention times of labile octachlorobornanes B8-531 and B8-806 + B8-809 were depleted in both soil and air relative to the more recalcitrant B8-1413 + B8-1945 and B8-2229. For each event, log-log plots were made of the dimensionless soil/air concentration quotient (Q) versus liquid-phase vapor pressure (PL, Pa) for 10 toxaphene components (peaks containing coeluting congeners) that spanned the volatility range of hepta- to nonachlorobornanes. Statistically significant linear relationships were obtained with r2 values for most events ranging from 0.54 to 0.96. Slopes for all but one event ranged from -1.01 to -1.53 and averaged -1.28 +/- 0.20. When regressions were carried out for only components one to nine, which cover the vapor pressure range of most components reported in ambient air, the average slope was reduced to -1.02 +/- 0.15. Previous models of toxaphene emission, transport, and deposition have considered only total toxaphene. These results provide a basis for modeling soil/air exchange on the basis of single congeners or groups of congeners having similar volatilities.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil‐air relationships for toxaphene in the southern United States

Bidleman¹,

Leone²

2004

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Toxaphene was banned in the United States in 1982 with the stipulation that existing stocks could be applied through 1986. Similar products are also used in Mexico, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, India, and African countries, and several of these countries have their own production facilities [ 1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Accumulation of Polychlorocamphenes in Aquatic Biota From the Canadian Arctic

Bidleman¹,

Walla²,

Muir³

et al. 1993

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Polychlorocamphenes (PCCs; e.g., toxaphene) are major organochlorine contaminants in fish, marine mammals, and other aquatic life from the Arctic. Because PCCs yield complex GC patterns that are often greatly altered in environmental samples compared to a toxaphene standard, identification by GC with electron-capture detection is problematic. We examined PCC profiles in the blubber of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) and the liver of freshwater burbot (Lota Iota) from the Canadian Arctic by GC-negative ion mass spectrometry (GC-NIMS). Chromatograms of these specimens showed that certain PCCs were greatly enriched, compared to a toxaphene standard. Mass spectra of accumulated PCCs were consistent with octachloro-and nonachlorobornanes, with possible contribution from chlorinated bornenes. Corresponding GC peaks in the toxaphene standard appeared to be mixtures of seven-and eight-chlorine or eight-and nine-chlorine PCCs. The same peaks in biological samples showed selective accumulation of the more highly chlorinated components. To properly characterize the levels and biological effects of PCCs in arctic food chains will require isolation or synthesis of pure PCC congeners and an evaluation of their physicochemical and toxicological properties.

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“…Chemical fate and transport models have contributed significantly to understanding the transport of toxaphene to the Great Lakes and its fate in the aquatic ecosystem. For example, Rice et al [4] and Voldner and Schroeder [5] estimated toxaphene deposition rates to the Great Lakes using atmospheric trajectory models. Swackhamer et al [6] used an air‐water‐sediment interaction model to explain concentration differences between the Lakes and modeled the transfer of toxaphene between the lakes and the atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A dynamic mass budget for toxaphene in North America

MacLeod¹,

Woodfine²,

Brimacombe³

et al. 2002

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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A continental-scale dynamic mass budget for toxaphene in North America is presented, based on available information on physicochemical properties, usage patterns, and reported environmental concentrations and using the Berkeley-Trent North American mass balance contaminant fate model (BETR North America). The model describes contaminant fate in 24 ecological regions of North America, including advective transport between regions in the atmosphere, freshwater, and near-shore coastal water. The dynamic mass budget accounts for environmental partitioning, transport, and degradation of the estimated 534 million kg of toxaphene that were used in North America as an insecticide and piscicide between 1945 and 2000. Satisfactory agreement exists between model results and current and historically reported concentrations of toxaphene in air, water, soil, and sediments throughout North America. An estimated 15 million kg of toxaphene are believed to remain in active circulation in the North American environment in the year 2000, with the majority in soils in the southern United States and Mexico, where historic usage was highest. Approximately 70% of total toxaphene deposition from the atmosphere to the Great Lakes is attributed to sources outside the Great Lakes Basin, and an estimated total of 3.9 million kg of toxaphene have been transported to this region from other parts of the continent. The toxaphene mass budget presented here is believed to be the first reported continental-scale multimedia mass budget for any contaminant.

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Modelling of atmospheric transport and deposition of toxaphene into the great lakes ecosystem

Cited by 59 publications

References 42 publications

Soil‐air relationships for toxaphene in the southern United States

Soil‐air relationships for toxaphene in the southern United States

Selective Accumulation of Polychlorocamphenes in Aquatic Biota From the Canadian Arctic

A dynamic mass budget for toxaphene in North America

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