Modelling of Hot Flow Stress of Duplex Steel in Dependence of Microstructure Using the Rule of Mixture

Abstract

The ferrite fraction and phase distribution of duplex steels depend strongly on the temperature evolution during hot deformation and are correlated to different mechanical behaviors during hot deformation as well as cold deformation. Therefore, the control of microstructure evolution during hot forming is relevant for target-oriented material design. In flow stress modelling for hot forming, the influence of microstructure beyond the ferrite fraction is often neglected. In the present work, a new method is demonstrated to also consider the influence of grain size in flow stress modelling. For this purpose, different initial microstructures with different ferrite fractions and phase distribution were tested in compression tests at 1100 °C and 0.1 s−1. The microstructure was analyzed before and after forming and it was observed that the differences in ferrite fractions vanished during the compression tests. Those microstructure data were used in a model including a rule of mixture and Hall–Petch relationship to extract the single-phase flow curves of ferrite and austenite. Based on the flow stress of the single phases, in combination with ferrite fraction and individual grain size, the flow curves of the different material conditions were calculated and the concurrent influence of ferrite fraction and phase distance on the mechanical behavior was discussed.

Using the Physically Based Constitutive Model and Processing Maps to Understand the Hot Deformation Behavior of 2304 Lean Duplex Stainless Steel

“…The strain as well as the stress partitioning of duplex steels based on single phases can be calculated from a rule of mixture. [12] It has been affirmed in another study that at the early stages of deformation, strain is mostly accommodated in the δ-ferrite phase and transferred to austenite where it can accumulate and trigger dynamic recrystallization. [13] Higher temperatures and low strain rates promote DRV in ferrite and result in a plateau after work-hardening stage because of delayed load transfer while low temperatures and high strain rates restrict DRV in ferrite and rapid transfer of load to austenite takes place.…”