“…However, a challenge for implementing propagation models in many low and middle-income regions of the world has been that national governments or even international corporations do not routinely collect much of the data that are needed for the models, such as road-traffic counts, vehicle fleet compositions, or building height and footprint information with fine enough spatial or temporal granularity ( Aguilera et al, 2015 ; Kang, 2017b ; Sieber et al, 2017 ). Alternatively, land use regression (LUR) models ( Hoek et al, 2008 ), which are commonly used for the estimation of spatial variability in air pollution within cities ( Hoek et al, 2008 ), have also increasingly been applied to noise in recent years in some high and middle-income country cities ( Aguilera et al, 2015 ; Alam et al, 2017 ; Chang et al, 2019 ; Drudge et al, 2018 ; Fallah-Shorshani et al, 2018 ; Harouvi et al, 2018 ; Liu et al, 2020 ; Raess et al, 2021 ; Ragettli et al, 2016 ; Walker et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2016 ; Xie et al, 2011 ). Currently, only one environmental noise LUR model has been developed in SSA, for informal settlements in South Africa ( Sieber et al, 2017 ).…”