Modelling Pasture-based Automatic Milking System Herds: Grazeable Forage Options

Abstract

One of the challenges to increase milk production in a large pasture-based herd with an automatic milking system (AMS) is to grow forages within a 1-km radius, as increases in walking distance increases milking interval and reduces yield. The main objective of this study was to explore sustainable forage option technologies that can supply high amount of grazeable forages for AMS herds using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model. Three different basic simulation scenarios (with irrigation) were carried out using forage crops (namely maize, soybean and sorghum) for the spring-summer period. Subsequent crops in the three scenarios were forage rape over-sown with ryegrass. Each individual simulation was run using actual climatic records for the period from 1900 to 2010. Simulated highest forage yields in maize, soybean and sorghum- (each followed by forage rape-ryegrass) based rotations were 28.2, 22.9, and 19.3 t dry matter/ha, respectively. The simulations suggested that the irrigation requirement could increase by up to 18%, 16%, and 17% respectively in those rotations in El-Niño years compared to neutral years. On the other hand, irrigation requirement could increase by up to 25%, 23%, and 32% in maize, soybean and sorghum based rotations in El-Nino years compared to La-Nina years. However, irrigation requirement could decrease by up to 8%, 7%, and 13% in maize, soybean and sorghum based rotations in La-Nina years compared to neutral years. The major implication of this study is that APSIM models have potentials in devising preferred forage options to maximise grazeable forage yield which may create the opportunity to grow more forage in small areas around the AMS which in turn will minimise walking distance and milking interval and thus increase milk production. Our analyses also suggest that simulation analysis may provide decision support during climatic uncertainty.

Modelling forage yield and water productivity of continuous crop sequences in the Argentinian Pampas

“…The ability of APSIM to predict crops DM yield in the Argentinian Pampas was similar to annual forage crop modelling efforts reported in south-eastern Australia (Pembleton et al, 2013;Islam et al, 2015) and New Zealand (Teixeira et al, 2010;2015).…”

“…Although APSIM was initially created to predict crop grain yield in Australia, in the past years it has appeared to be promissory to simulate forage crop DM yield across several environments (e.g. Canterbury plains, New Zealand [Teixeira et al, 2010;2015], southeastern Australia [Pembleton et al, 2013;Islam et al, 2015] and the Argentinian Pampas [Ojeda et al, 2016]).…”

Modelling Pasture-based Automatic Milking System Herds: The Impact of Large Herd on Milk Yield and Economics

“…Modelled reductions in milk yield in cows were predominantly explained by the energy expenditure directly associated with walking and foraging longer distances as opposed to those created through the resultant increases in MI. Islam et al (2015a , b ; in press) reported that grazing areas of herbage greater than 86 ha increases walking distances and reduces the milk yield in AMS. Thus, increasing the amount of herbage grown within this area through the use of CFR would minimise any milk yield penalty.…”

“…Despite the reported potentials of CFS ( Farina et al, 2013 ) to improve whole-farm performance in AMS, it is essential to note that CFS requires intensive management, relatively high inputs (e.g. N and water) and requires more water during less favourable climatic uncertainties such as in El-Niño years ( Islam et al, 2012 ; Islam et al, 2015a , b [In press]). Regardless of the water requirements, if the farm has a plentiful and secure water source, the water use efficiency of CFR was considerably higher than pasture resulting in significant increases in kg DM per unit of water applied ( Garcia et al, 2008 ; Islam and Garcia, 2012 ).…”