Modelling PM2.5 with Fuzzy Exponential Membership

Abstract

Air quality is a public and environmental issue that concerns people, whether in terms of global climate change or for health and the quality of life. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates six primary air pollutants: Ozone, Particulate matter, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide, and Lead [3]. Particulate matter (PM) refers to solid particles and liquid droplets found in air. Many manmade and natural sources produce PM directly, or produce pollutants that react in the atmosphere to form PM [9]. PM 2.5 are small particles or particulate matter, that are less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter. PM 2.5 can be produced by combustion from motor vehicles (esp. diesel powered buses and trucks), power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and industrial processes [15]. They can also be formed in the air through when gases (air poullutants) and orgnaic compounds are transformed through chemical reactions. These tiny particles PM 2.5 can cause health hazards for people and also for the environment. People with heart diesease and lung problems including asthma, and also the elderly and children, are particularily vulnerable and at high risk when exposed to high levels of PM 2.5. Due to the tiny size of these PM 2.5 particles, they can penetrate to the deepest parts of the lungs, which is very dangerous to the human health. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) scentifically conducts studies and reports on the impacts of air pollutant exposures on public health, and the studies shows the negative impacts of PM 2.5 which is known to cause premature death [2]. Scientific studies has repeatedly found links between particulate matter and many health problems of people who has been exposed to high levels of PM 2.5 , including asthma, bronchitis, respiratory problems, including shortness of breath and painful breathing, and premature deaths [3]. One must also be aware of the effects of high levels of PM 2.5 on the environment as well. Since PM 2.5 are tiny, they can be carried by wind and travel great distances, so that it can cause

Effects of vegetation restoration on local microclimate on the Loess Plateau

“…We regard the study area as a relatively closed space that does not exchange energy with the outside world. The space covers the entire LP horizontally, and the vertical height is the height of the mixed layer on the LP (677 m) (Guo, 2015). Absolute humidity refers to the mass of water vapor per unit volume of air at a certain temperature.…”