Modelling potential β-carotene intake and cyanide exposure from consumption of biofortified cassava

Katz, Josh; Frano, Michael R. La; Winter, Carl K.; Burri, Betty J.

doi:10.1017/jns.2012.30

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…In addition, we provided a conservative estimate of the potential increases in vitamin A intake as we used cassava varieties with an average β-carotene concentration of 5•4 μg/g (fresh weight) for raw cassava and 3•9 μg/g (fresh weight) for cooked cassava and applied a conservative conversion factor of 7:1. Another study found a higher impact of adding yellow cassava to the diet but used different modelling assumptions regarding concentration, cooking method and intake quantity (4) . In our study, Fe and Zn were not identified as problem nutrients and this corresponds with the few children being Zn deficient (3 %).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biofortified yellow cassava, developed through conventional plant-breeding techniques, is a new staple food that is similar in use and nutritional content to white cassava but additionally contains substantially higher amounts of pro-vitamin A ( 2 ) . Yellow cassava could potentially increase vitamin A intake and reduce vitamin A deficiency, especially in remote rural areas where other interventions face challenges to reach people in need of vitamin A ( 3 , 4 ) .…”

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confidence: 99%

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The potential contribution of yellow cassava to dietary nutrient adequacy of primary-school children in Eastern Kenya; the use of linear programming

Talsma

Berg

Melse‐Boonstra

et al. 2017

Public Health Nutr.

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Acknowledgement:We thank all the parents, children and teachers of Muusini, Kithasyu 24 and Thange primary school for participation in this study. The contributions of Gloria Mbera, 25Harm Vermeylen and all other research assistants during data collection are highly 26 appreciated. (3, 4) . 92Although yellow cassava is an excellent source for pro-vitamin A and energy, it is known to 93 be generally poor in other nutrients such as iron and zinc (5) . Children whose diets consist 94 largely of cassava may be vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies (6) . As diets in resource 95 poor environments often lack multiple micronutrients (7) , the introduction of yellow cassava, 96even when only the replacement of white cassava is targeted, will require additional food- practices and costs of food (8) . As these FBR are developed to resemble the local diet as close 104 as possible, they are more likely to be followed than more general guidelines that may deviate 105 from local habits. This mathematical modeling approach provides an objective method to 106 predict, for example, whether fortification, supplementation or special complementary food 107 products are needed to ensure dietary adequacy for high risk populations, and the extent to 108 which these measures might contribute to its achievement (9, 10) . To our knowledge, Optifood 109has not yet been used to inform biofortification programs planning to promote the School-feeding is an important and wide-spread educational intervention globally involving 117 approximately 370 million school-age children (11) , an often neglected group providing an 118 opportunity for micronutrient interventions in a controlled environment (12) . School-feeding 119 programs are designed to support education and food security of children living in poverty, 120 by increasing enrolment and reducing absenteeism and drop-outs, and contributing to their 121 learning, through avoiding short-term hunger (13) . However, less attention is given to reducing 122 or preventing micronutrient deficiencies (14) . In Kenya, school-feeding programs provide a 123 school lunch generally comprised of a mixture of cooked maize and beans (15) , referred to as 124 githeri, a common dish regularly consumed in households. In Eastern Kenya, rural school 125 children, however, are documented to have high levels of anemia, stunting and inadequate 126 intakes of many key nutrients in addition to vitamin A (16) . Murphy et al (2003) showed that 127 githeri as a school lunch did not improve the dietary quality and micronutrient intakes of 128 schoolchildren in Eastern Kenyan (17) . The introduction of yellow cassava, currently grown 129 experimentally in Eastern Kenya, to the school feeding program could improve the vitamin A 130 intakes of schoolchildren but additional food-based dietary recommendations would be 131 needed to achieve overall nutrient adequacy of the diet given the nutrient profile of cassava. 133In this paper, secondary dietary intake data collected in the fr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The potential contribution of yellow cassava to dietary nutrient adequacy of primary-school children in Eastern Kenya; the use of linear programming

Talsma

Berg

Melse‐Boonstra

et al. 2017

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Cassava holds great promise for provitamin A biofortification [ 100 ]. However, limited studies have been conducted to evaluate its bioavailability and efficacy [ 22 ].…”

Section: Bioavailability Of Target Micronutrients In Biofortified mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofortified Crops for Combating Hidden Hunger in South Africa: Availability, Acceptability, Micronutrient Retention and Bioavailability

Siwela

Pillay

Govender

et al. 2020

Foods

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In many poorer parts of the world, biofortification is a strategy that increases the concentration of target nutrients in staple food crops, mainly by genetic manipulation, to alleviate prevalent nutrient deficiencies. We reviewed the (i) prevalence of vitamin A, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies; (ii) availability of vitamin A, iron and Zn biofortified crops, and their acceptability in South Africa. The incidence of vitamin A and iron deficiency among children below five years old is 43.6% and 11%, respectively, while the risk of Zn deficiency is 45.3% among children aged 1 to 9 years. Despite several strategies being implemented to address the problem, including supplementation and commercial fortification, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies is still high. Biofortification has resulted in the large-scale availability of βcarotene-rich orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP), while provitamin A biofortified maize and Zn and/or iron biofortified common beans are at development stages. Agronomic biofortification is being investigated to enhance yields and concentrations of target nutrients in crops grown in agriculturally marginal environments. The consumer acceptability of OFSP and provitamin A biofortified maize were higher among children compared to adults. Accelerating the development of other biofortified staple crops to increase their availability, especially to the target population groups, is essential. Nutrition education should be integrated with community health programmes to improve the consumption of the biofortified crops, coupled with further research to develop suitable recipes/formulations for biofortified foods.

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“…Results from the previous human study [11] were used to simulate the amount of vitamin A which would be consumed if all native white cassava were replaced with biofortified cassava. In a model based on these previous results, replacing native with biofortified cassava would provide over 90% of the recommended dietary intake of vitamin A [12]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red palm oil–supplemented and biofortified cassava gari increase the carotenoid and retinyl palmitate concentrations of triacylglycerol-rich plasma in women

et al. 2015

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Boiled biofortified cassava containing β-carotene can increase retinyl palmitate in triacylglycerol-rich plasma. Thus, it might alleviate vitamin A deficiency. Cassava requires extensive preparation to decrease its level of cyanogenic glucosides, which can be fatal. Garification is a popular method of preparing cassava that removes cyanogen glucosides. Our objective was to compare the effectiveness of biofortified gari to gari prepared with red palm oil. The study was a randomized cross-over trial in 8 American women. Three gari preparations separated by 2 wk washout periods were consumed. Treatments (containing 200 – 225.9 g gari) were: biofortified gari (containing 1 mg β-carotene); red palm oil-fortified gari (1 mg β-carotene), and unfortified gari with a 0.3 mg retinyl palmitate reference dose. Blood was collected six times from −0.5 – 9.5 h post-ingestion. Triacylglycerol-rich plasma was separated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed by HPLC with diode array detection. Area under the curve for β-carotene, α-carotene, and retinyl palmitate increased after the fortified meals were fed (P < 0.05), though the retinyl palmitate increase induced by the red palm oil treatment was greater than that induced by the biofortified treatment (p<0.05). Vitamin A conversion was 2.4 ± 0.3 and 4.2 ± 1.5 μg pro-vitamin A carotenoid:1 μg retinol (means ± SEM) for red palm oil and biofortified gari, respectively. These results show that both treatments increased β-carotene, α-carotene, and retinyl palmitate in triacylglycerol-rich plasma concentrations in healthy well- nourished adult women, supporting our hypothesis that both interventions could support efforts to alleviate vitamin A deficiency.

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Modelling potential β-carotene intake and cyanide exposure from consumption of biofortified cassava

Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

The potential contribution of yellow cassava to dietary nutrient adequacy of primary-school children in Eastern Kenya; the use of linear programming

The potential contribution of yellow cassava to dietary nutrient adequacy of primary-school children in Eastern Kenya; the use of linear programming

Biofortified Crops for Combating Hidden Hunger in South Africa: Availability, Acceptability, Micronutrient Retention and Bioavailability

Red palm oil–supplemented and biofortified cassava gari increase the carotenoid and retinyl palmitate concentrations of triacylglycerol-rich plasma in women

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