Modelling sea salt aerosol and its direct and indirect effects on climate

Ma, Xiaoyan; Salzen, Knut von; Li, J.

doi:10.5194/acp-8-1311-2008

Cited by 97 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The aerosol particles have a substantial impact on the radiative balance of the Earth through scattering of incident solar radiation and as a source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Different model estimates of the global annual mean clear sky direct radiative forcing due to sea salt range between −0.6 W m −2 and −5.03 W m −2 (compilation of results in Ma et al, 2008). Clarke et al (2006) reported that sea salt aerosols may account for between 5 % and 90 % of the CCN in the marine atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Sea spray aerosols are an important part of the climate system through their direct and indirect effects. Due to the diminishing sea ice, the Arctic Ocean is one of the most rapidly changing sea spray aerosol source areas. However, the influence of these changes on primary particle production is not known.In laboratory experiments we examined the influence of Arctic Ocean water temperature, salinity, and oxygen saturation on primary particle concentration characteristics. Sea water temperature was identified as the most important of these parameters. A strong decrease in sea spray aerosol production with increasing water temperature was observed for water temperatures between −1 • C and 9 • C. Aerosol number concentrations decreased from at least 1400 cm −3 to 350 cm −3 . In general, the aerosol number size distribution exhibited a robust shape with one mode close to dry diameter D p 0.2 µm with approximately 45 % of particles at smaller sizes. Changes in sea water temperature did not result in pronounced change of the shape of the aerosol size distribution, only in the magnitude of the concentrations. Our experiments indicate that changes in aerosol emissions are most likely linked to changes of the physical properties of sea water at low temperatures. The observed strong dependence of sea spray aerosol concentrations on sea water temperature, with a large fraction of the emitted particles in the typical cloud condensation nuclei size range, provide strong arguments for a more careful consideration of this effect in climate models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

et al. 2012

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“…Here, the idea is to spray naturally occurring sea salt particles into low-lying stratiform clouds over the tropical oceans to increase the available cloud condensation nuclei, thus increasing the concentration of smaller cloud droplets and the reflectivity of the clouds (Latham, 1990). The sea salt aerosols are reflective themselves (e.g., Ma et al, 2008), adding to the cooling potential of the method. Cirrus cloud thinning (CCT) on the other hand, aims to increase the amount of outgoing longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate engineering and the ocean: effects on biogeochemistry and primary production

2017

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Abstract. Here we use an Earth system model with interactive biogeochemistry to project future ocean biogeochemistry impacts from the large-scale deployment of three different radiation management (RM) climate engineering (also known as geoengineering) methods: stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), marine sky brightening (MSB), and cirrus cloud thinning (CCT). We apply RM such that the change in radiative forcing in the RCP8.5 emission scenario is reduced to the change in radiative forcing in the RCP4.5 scenario. The resulting global mean sea surface temperatures in the RM experiments are comparable to those in RCP4.5, but there are regional differences. The forcing from MSB, for example, is applied over the oceans, so the cooling of the ocean is in some regions stronger for this method of RM than for the others. Changes in ocean net primary production (NPP) are much more variable, but SAI and MSB give a global decrease comparable to RCP4.5 ( ∼ 6 % in 2100 relative to , while CCT gives a much smaller global decrease of ∼ 3 %. Depending on the RM methods, the spatially inhomogeneous changes in ocean NPP are related to the simulated spatial change in the NPP drivers (incoming radiation, temperature, availability of nutrients, and phytoplankton biomass) but mostly dominated by the circulation changes. In general, the SAI-and MSB-induced changes are largest in the low latitudes, while the CCT-induced changes tend to be the weakest of the three. The results of this work underscore the complexity of climate impacts on NPP and highlight the fact that changes are driven by an integrated effect of multiple environmental drivers, which all change in different ways. These results stress the uncertain changes to ocean productivity in the future and advocate caution at any deliberate attempt at large-scale perturbation of the Earth system.

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“…Water retention in snowpacks has also been incorporated. CanAM4.2 also includes an aerosol microphysics scheme (von Salzen, 2006;Ma et al, 2008;Peng et al, 2012), a higher vertical resolution in the upper troposphere, a reduced solar constant (1361 W m −2 ) and an improved treatment of the solar continuum used in the radiative transfer. CanAM4.2 also considers natural and anthropogenic aerosols and their emissions, transport, gas-phase and aqueous-phase chemistry, and dry and wet deposition as summarized in Namazi et al (2015) …”

Section: The Coupled Climate-carbon Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraining the strength of the terrestrial CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization effect in the Canadian Earth system model version 4.2 (CanESM4.2)

Arora¹,

Scinocca²

2016

Geosci. Model Dev.

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Abstract. Earth system models (ESMs) explicitly simulate the interactions between the physical climate system components and biogeochemical cycles. Physical and biogeochemical aspects of ESMs are routinely compared against their observation-based counterparts to assess model performance and to evaluate how this performance is affected by ongoing model development. Here, we assess the performance of version 4.2 of the Canadian Earth system model against four land carbon-cycle-focused, observation-based determinants of the global carbon cycle and the historical global carbon budget over the 1850-2005 period. Our objective is to constrain the strength of the terrestrial CO 2 fertilization effect, which is known to be the most uncertain of all carboncycle feedbacks. The observation-based determinants include (1) globally averaged atmospheric CO 2 concentration, (2) cumulative atmosphere-land CO 2 flux, (3) atmosphereland CO 2 flux for the decades of 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, and (4) the amplitude of the globally averaged annual CO 2 cycle and its increase over the 1980 to 2005 period. The optimal simulation that satisfies constraints imposed by the first three determinants yields a net primary productivity (NPP) increase from ∼ 58 Pg C year −1 in 1850 to about ∼ 74 Pg C year −1 in 2005; an increase of ∼ 27 % over the 1850-2005 period. The simulated loss in the global soil carbon amount due to anthropogenic land use change (LUC) over the historical period is also broadly consistent with empirical estimates. Yet, it remains possible that these determinants of the global carbon cycle are insufficient to adequately constrain the historical carbon budget, and consequently the strength of terrestrial CO 2 fertilization effect as it is represented in the model, given the large uncertainty associated with LUC emissions over the historical period.

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Modelling sea salt aerosol and its direct and indirect effects on climate

Cited by 97 publications

References 73 publications

Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

Climate engineering and the ocean: effects on biogeochemistry and primary production

Constraining the strength of the terrestrial CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization effect in the Canadian Earth system model version 4.2 (CanESM4.2)

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Modelling sea salt aerosol and its direct and indirect effects on climate

Cited by 97 publications

References 73 publications

Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

Climate engineering and the ocean: effects on biogeochemistry and primary production

Constraining the strength of the terrestrial CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fertilization effect in the Canadian Earth system model version 4.2 (CanESM4.2)

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Constraining the strength of the terrestrial CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization effect in the Canadian Earth system model version 4.2 (CanESM4.2)