Modelling the associations between fat-free mass, resting metabolic rate and energy intake in the context of total energy balance

Hopkins, Mark; Finlayson, Graham; Duarte, Cristiana; Whybrow, Stephen; Ritz, Patrick; Horgan, Graham; Blundell, John; Stubbs, R. James

doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.155

Cited by 108 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In support of this proposal, a number of studies have demonstrated that resting metabolic rate (but again, not fat mass) is a determinant of within-day eating behavior (70,75,76). For example, Caudwell et al (75) demonstrated in overweight and obese individuals that resting metabolic rate (but not fat mass) was a determinant of daily hunger, self-selected meal size and daily energy intake under conditions of high and low energy density.…”

Section: Body Composition Energy Expenditure and Food Intakementioning

confidence: 83%

“…However, while protein-energy relationships are thought to be critical for survival time during under nutrition (61-63), few have considered energy expenditure, or its determinants such as body composition, as major sources of feedback in the control of dayto-day food intake (64,65). Recently, a number of studies have sought to re-examined the specific roles that fat mass, fat-free mass and energy expenditure play in the control of food intake, and in contrast to the prevailing regulation, these studies suggest fat-free mass has a stronger influence on day-to-day food intake than fat mass (66)(67)(68)(69)(70)(71). For example, Blundell et al (68) reported that fat-free mass was positively associated with self-selected meal sized and total daily energy intake in 93 overweight and obese individuals.…”

Section: Body Composition Energy Expenditure and Food Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address this, Hopkins et al (70) modeled the associations between body composition, energy expenditure and food intake in the context of total energy balance in 59 men and women. After controlling for age and sex, both fat-free mass and resting metaboic rate (but not fat mass) predicted daily energy intake.…”

Section: Is It Fat-free Mass or Energy Expenditure Per Se That Drivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy balance, body composition, sedentariness and appetite regulation: pathways to obesity

2016

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Energy balance is not a simple algebraic sum of energy expenditure and energy intake as often depicted in communications. Energy balance is a dynamic process and there exist reciprocal effects between food intake and energy expenditure. An important distinction is that of metabolic and behavioural components of energy expenditure. These components not only contribute to the energy budget directly, but also by influencing the energy intake side of the equation. It has recently been demonstrated that resting metabolic rate is a potential driver of energy intake, and evidence is accumulating on the influence of physical activity (behavoiural energy expenditure) on mechanisms of satiety and appetite control. These effects are associated with changes in leptin and insulin sensitivity, and in the plasma levels of gastrointestinal peptides such as glucagon-like peptide-1, ghrelin and cholecystokinin. The influence of fat-free mass on energy expenditure and as a driver of energy intake directs attention to molecules emanating from skeletal tissue as potential appetite signals.Sedentariness (physical inactivity) is positively associated with adiposity and is proposed to be a source of overconsumption and appetite dysregulation. The molecular signals underlying these effects are not known but represent a target for research. Running title:Energy Balance, Body Composition and Appetite Regulation Key words:Appetite regulation, energy intake, fat-free mass, resting metabolic rate, sedentariness. ENERGY BALANCE REGULATION: A DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOURWeight gain is often explained as a function energy balance, with sustained periods of excess energy intake over energy expenditure thought to promote the accumulation of adipose tissue. Unfortunately however system, in which reductions in energy intake, or increases in energy expenditure, automatically lead to energy deficit, and in turn, weight loss. This approach is simplistic and belies the complexity of energy balance regulation in humans in the current obesogenic environment. Furthermore, it ignores the potential for behavioral or biological adaptation to restore energy homeostasis during periods of energy deficit or surfeit (1). Rather than being static, the regulation of energy balance is a dynamic process in which perturbations to one component of energy balance may elicit biological and/or behavioral compensation in other components of the system. These auto-regulatory or compensatory responses act to minimize perturbations to energy homeostasis, in turn, body weight (1, 2). For example, it has been suggested that some individuals experience a compensatory reduction in resting energy expenditure, termed adaptive thermogenesis (3), following dietary (4, 5) and exercise-induced (6) weight loss. Compensation may also be behavioural in nature, with dietary (7, 8) and exercise-induced (9, 10) weight loss shown to result in increased fasting hunger (although such changes in subjective appetite do not always translate into changes in actual beha...

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Section: Body Composition Energy Expenditure and Food Intakementioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Body Composition Energy Expenditure and Food Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Is It Fat-free Mass or Energy Expenditure Per Se That Drivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy balance, body composition, sedentariness and appetite regulation: pathways to obesity

2016

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“…Indeed, by applying various statistical models to data on body composition, EE and energy intake (including a mediation model using path analysis approaches), a number of recent studies have shown that the impact of FFM on food intake is not direct, but rather indirect since FFM influences daily hunger, self-selected meals size and daily energy intake via its effect on resting EE. 4,6,10 It has been proposed by Hopkins and Blundell 11 that such FFM-induced energy requirements represent 'a physiological source of hunger that drives food intake at a level proportional to basal energy requirements', and that 'this longterm (tonic) signal of energy requirements would help 'tune' energy intake to EE, and help ensure the maintenance and execution of key biological and behavioral processes'.…”

Section: Passive Role Of Ffm In Driving Energy Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Passive and active roles of fat-free mass in the control of energy intake and body composition regulation

et al. 2016

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While putative feedback signals arising from adipose tissue are commonly assumed to provide the molecular links between the body's long-term energy requirements and energy intake, the available evidence suggests that the lean body or fat-free mass (FFM) also plays a role in the drive to eat. A distinction must, however, be made between a 'passive' role of FFM in driving energy intake, which is likely to be mediated by 'energy-sensing' mechanisms that translate FFM-induced energy requirements to energy intake, and a more 'active' role of FFM in the drive to eat through feedback signaling between FFM deficit and energy intake. Consequently, a loss of FFM that results from dieting or sedentarity should be viewed as a risk factor for weight regain and increased fatness not only because of the impact of the FFM deficit in lowering the maintenance energy requirement but also because of the body's attempt to restore FFM by overeating-a phenomenon referred to as 'collateral fattening'. A better understanding of these passive and active roles of FFM in the control of energy intake will necessitate the elucidation of peripheral signals and energy-sensing mechanisms that drive hunger and appetite, with implications for both obesity prevention and its management. INTRODUCTIONSome 30 years ago, Gilbert Forbes pointed out that the lean body mass and body fat are in a sense companions, so that in many situations a change in one is accompanied by a change in the other, and usually in the same direction. 1 Until recently, however, the extent to which the lean body or fat-free mass (FFM) component in this companionship influences energy intake has been largely ignored, amid a dominant adipocentric view of appetite control that has been reinforced by the discovery of leptin and its relationship with fat mass (FM).In fact, in an early investigation about the relationships between body composition and objectively measured ad libitum food intake over several weeks in obese and non-obese women, Lissner et al. 2 showed that the energy intake for the maintenance of body weight was not correlated with adiposity expressed as percent body fat or as FM, but was positively associated with FFM. These findings were ignored or overlooked for the next 25 years despite the more than 100 citations that this publication received, albeit in relation to its other important findings about under-reporting of food intake by both obese and non-obese individuals. It is only recently that the predictive power of FFM on energy intake has gained attention following the demonstration by Blundell et al. 3 that FFM, but not FM, was positively associated with self-selected meal size and total energy intake in overweight and obese subjects. Further confirmation of a positive association between energy intake with FFM, but not FM, can be derived from studies in adults 4-6 as well as in overweight and obese adolescents. 7 Taken together, these findings have strengthened the argument of Lissner et al. 2 that 'research that focuses on the relationship between ener...

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“…It was estimated that about 300,000 people die each year from obesity and related causes, which puts this disorder as the second leading cause of death. In fact, being both overweight and obese increases the risk of several diseases and health conditions such as high triglycerides, cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, tumors (breast, colon, and endometrial), sleep disorders, and respiratory problems [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the antiobesity and antioxidant properties of wild Plumbago europaea and Plumbago auriculata from North Palestine

Jaradat

Zaid

Hussein

2016

Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric.

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Background: Historically, plants have proven their value as a source of phytochemicals with therapeutic potentials and recently they play an important role in the discovery of novel drugs. Objectives:The current study aimed to investigate new antiobesity drugs from Plumbago europaea and Plumbago auriculata through the inhibition of the adsorption of dietary lipids. In vitro porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory tests were conducted with weight reduction property as well as this study aimed to explore the antioxidant potential and to estimate total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents in both of the studied species.Methods: Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using ferric reducing antioxidant power and DPPH assays, and porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory tests were conducted using the UV spectrophotometric method, while total flavonoid, phenol, and tannin contents were estimated using standard phytochemical analytical methods.Results: Antioxidant potential and total flavonoid, phenol, and tannin contents of P. europaea were significantly higher than those of P. auriculata, and both of the studied species have potential antiobesity activity in comparison with orlistat. Conclusion:Results of the present study show that both of the studied Plumbago species consist of bioactive compounds that can act as lipase inhibitors and therefore can be useful for the development of functional foods against obesity. It can also be used as a source of lead compounds for designing new antiobesity drugs. Further isolation, identification, and characterization of phyto-active compounds responsible for antiobesity action are required to evaluate the full therapeutic potentials of these plants.

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Modelling the associations between fat-free mass, resting metabolic rate and energy intake in the context of total energy balance

Abstract: 1 2 Background:The relationship between body composition, energy expenditure and ad libitum 3

Cited by 108 publications

References 46 publications

Energy balance, body composition, sedentariness and appetite regulation: pathways to obesity

Energy balance, body composition, sedentariness and appetite regulation: pathways to obesity

Passive and active roles of fat-free mass in the control of energy intake and body composition regulation

Investigation of the antiobesity and antioxidant properties of wild Plumbago europaea and Plumbago auriculata from North Palestine

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