Modelling the formation of brominated trihalomethanes in chlorinated drinking waters

Nokes, Chris; Fenton, E.; Randall, Clifford J.

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00081-0

Cited by 94 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…When the ratio of chlorine dosage to bromide ions increases, the formation of brominated THMs is favored (Nokes et al 1999). During chlorination, bromide ions are oxidized to hypobromous acid (HOBr), which reacts more readily with organic precursors than chlorine, forming brominated THMs (Stevens et al, 1976;Singer and Chang, 1989).…”

Section: Bromide Ion Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combined action of chlorine and hypobromous acid leads to the formation of mixed chloro-/bromo-THMs and other mixed halogenated by-products (Singer and Chang, 1989). To date, the presence of bromide ions has not been found correlated with other water quality parameters (Nokes et al, 1999). But, many studies have not considered their impact in THMs formation modeling (Table 1).…”

Section: Bromide Ion Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An investigation on parameters for modeling THMs formation

Chowdhury

Champagne²

2013

Global NEST Journal

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Reactions between natural organic matter (NOM) and chlorine during disinfecting drinking water form trihalomethanes (THMs) and other chlorinated by products (CBPs), some of which are possible carcinogen to human health. A number of models have been developed to predict THMs formation since the discovery of THMs in drinking waters. A fraction of these models used a total of 22 different parameters while individual models used 3 to 8 parameters. Some existing models incorporated more than one parameter from total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV absorption capacity at 254 nm (UV 254 ), while all of these three characterize NOM in water; thus, there exist a possibility of illconditioned coefficient estimation. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on different parameters from four water supply systems in Newfoundland, Canada. Strong correlations were found among total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV absorption capacity at 254 nm (UV 254 ). This study along with the past studies identified pH, temperature and reaction time as significant for THMs formation; however, some existing models ignored these parameters. Although these models have good performance in predicting THMs formation in respective environmental conditions, some models might suffer weakness from mathematical point of view; thus needs to be carefully applied. This study recommends using one parameter from TOC, DOC and UV 254 and chlorine dose, pH, temperature and reaction time for future modeling.

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Section: Bromide Ion Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bromide Ion Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation on parameters for modeling THMs formation

Chowdhury

Champagne²

2013

Global NEST Journal

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“…DBPs formed during drinking water chlorination/chloramination most widely addressed in the literature consist of compounds such as TriHaloMetanes (THMs), HaloAcetic Acids (HAAs), HaloAcetoNitrils (HAN) (e.g., Nokes et al, 1999;Muellner et al, 2007;Chowdhury et al, 2009;Liu and Qi, 2010). The importance of accounting for DBPs results from the impact that these compounds exert on human health.…”

Section: Biochemical Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DBP formation was addressed by, e.g., Nokes et al (1999), Muellner et al (2007), Chowdhury et al (2009) or Liu and Qi (2010). The cancerogenous effects of DBPs on human health were discussed by, e.g., Hrudey (2009), Bull et al (2011) and the World Health Organisation (2005.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A biochemical multi-species quality model of a drinking water distribution system for simulation and design

Arminski

Zubowicz

Brdyś

2013

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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Drinking Water Distribution Systems (DWDSs) play a key role in sustainable development of modern society. They are classified as critical infrastructure systems. This imposes a large set of highly demanding requirements on the DWDS operation and requires dedicated algorithms for on-line monitoring and control to tackle related problems. Requirements on DWDS availability restrict the usability of the real plant in the design phase. Thus, a proper model is crucial. Within this paper a DWDS multi-species quality model for simulation and design is derived. The model is composed of multiple highly inter-connected modules which are introduced to represent chemical and biological species and (above all) their interactions. The chemical part includes the processes of chloramine decay with additional bromine catalysis and reaction with nitrogen compounds. The biological part consists of both heterotrophic and chemo-autotrophic bacteria species. The heterotrophic bacteria are assumed to consume assimilable organic carbon. Autotrophs are ammonia oxidizing bacteria and nitrite oxidizing bacteria species which are responsible for nitrification processes. Moreover, Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) are also considered. Two numerical examples illustrate the derived model's behaviour in normal and disturbance operational states.

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“…So another possibility is to predict THMs concentration indirectly by mathematical models based on other materials and substances present in the water, that are much easier to measure. Such models can be applied in areas where it is difficult to perform the analyses required [7,8]. Indeed, the analysis of disinfection by-products is expensive and developing a simple tool that will allow knowing the concentrations of THMs, particularly in small or poorly resourced water supplies, is a worthy intention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Study of a Simple and Low-Cost Device for Monitoring Trihalomethanes Presence in Water Supply Systems Based on Statistical Models

Rivadeneyra

García-Ruiz

Delgado-Ramos

et al. 2014

Water

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This paper describes a new method for predicting trihalomethanes (THMs) presence in networks of water supply systems, using a low-cost device that permits a fast monitoring of concentrations without need of complex analysis made in laboratories. This method, based on statistical models, allows the estimation of THM concentration by monitoring parameters whose determination is direct and easy, and therefore, THM presence can be carried out in real-time. These parameters values are introduced in a multiple regression model resulting in the concentration of THMs levels. This model has taken into account parameters compulsory in water quality analysis and it has been shown that six parameters are enough to determine accurately THM concentration. In addition, the feasibility of a low-cost device that directly gives THM concentration is demonstrated. This device can be easily designed to be transported to different points of the water supply network where it is intended to make control campaigns.

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Modelling the formation of brominated trihalomethanes in chlorinated drinking waters

Cited by 94 publications

References 12 publications

An investigation on parameters for modeling THMs formation

An investigation on parameters for modeling THMs formation

A biochemical multi-species quality model of a drinking water distribution system for simulation and design

Feasibility Study of a Simple and Low-Cost Device for Monitoring Trihalomethanes Presence in Water Supply Systems Based on Statistical Models

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