Modelling the ion exchange process in glass: Phenomenological approaches and perspectives

In situ fabrication of waveguide-compatible glass-embedded silver nanoparticle patterns by masked ion-exchange process

“…Ion-exchange in glass is a well-known and established technique for fabrication of optical waveguides [1][2][3] using standard photolithography procedures to pattern the waveguides. In silver-sodium ion-exchange, a critical issue has been the losses due to silver nanoparticles introduced into glass in this process.…”

Optical and structural properties of silver nanoparticles in glass matrix formed by thermal annealing of field assisted film dissolution

“…Thus, the distribution of metal ions inside the glass depends then in a complex way on the physical and chemical phenomena that take place at the metal-glass interface and in the glass. As pointed out in [23], a complete modeling of the ion diffusion process is still lacking. In any case, in the studied samples we showed that by varying the applied electric field, the depth distribution of Ag can be modified, with a concentration maximum at the surface (V EFAD = 0.4 kV), as usual in field assisted film dissolution [24], or at certain depth within the glass (V EFAD = 1.6 kV), that has been previously associated to a lack of local charge neutrality due to structural network modifications upon the formation of a strongly depleted region [14].…”

Silver doping of glasses

“…In this sense, several spectroscopic investigations have been performed on the structural rearrangements in silicate glasses doped with silver by different non-equilibrium techniques [30][31][32][33] looking on one hand at a deeper understanding of the silver behavior in the matrix, and on the other hand at a comprehensive phenomenological descripition able to provide suitable recipes for the fabrication of glasses with prescribed features. The diffusion behavior of silver in glasses has been also di object of several dedicated studies: the classical phenomenology of the Nernst-Planck equations, as first described for this case by Doremus [34], has been tested for several Ag-glass systems, demonstrating the need to include local effects of both compositional (pseudo mixed-alkali effect) and electrical (local fields build-up) nature [35][36][37][38], In this perspective, the electrical conductivity properties of silverdoped glasses has been also extensively studied [39][40][41][42] for application purposes.…”