Models and helping: Naturalistic studies in aiding behavior.

Bryan, James H.; Test, Mary Ann

doi:10.1037/h0024826

Cited by 360 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The work on cognition produced the 1963 "Kit of Reference Tests for Cognitive Factors" (French et al 1963), the successor to the 1954 "Kit." Much activity concerned the measurement of personality specifically, although a range of related topics was also investigated, including continued work on response styles (Damarin and Messick 1965;Jackson and Messick 1961;Messick 1967), the introduction into the social-psychological literature of the concept of prosocial (or altruistic) behavior (Bryan and Test 1967;Rosenhan 1969;Rosenhan and White 1967), and risk taking (Kogan and Doise 1969;Kogan and Wallach 1964;Wallach et al 1962). Also of note is that this era saw the beginnings of ETS's work on cognitive styles (Gardner et al 1960;Messick and Fritzky 1963;Messick and Kogan 1966).…”

Section: Personal Qualitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing Human Assessment: A Synthesis Over Seven Decades

Bennett

Davier

2017

Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment

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This book has documented the history of ETS's contributions to educational research and policy analysis, psychology, and psychometrics. We close the volume with a brief synthesis in which we try to make more general meaning from the diverse directions that characterized almost 70 years of work.Synthesizing the breadth and depth of the topics covered over that time period is not simple. One way to view the work is across time. Many of the book's chapters presented chronologies, allowing the reader to follow the path of a research stream over the years. Less evident from these separate chronologies was the extent to which multiple streams of work not only coexisted but sometimes interacted.From its inception, ETS was rooted in Henry Chauncey's vision of describing individuals through broad assessment of their capabilities, helping them to grow and society to benefit (Elliot 2014). Chauncey's conception of broad assessment of capability required a diverse research agenda.Following that vision, his research managers assembled an enormous range of staff expertise. Only through the assemblage of such expertise could one bring diverse perspectives and frameworks from many fields to a problem, leading to novel solutions.In the following sections, we summarize some of the key research streams evident in different time periods, where each period corresponds to roughly a decade. Whereas the segmentation of these time periods is arbitrary, it does give a general This work was conducted while M. von Davier was employed with Educational Testing Service.

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Section: Personal Qualitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing Human Assessment: A Synthesis Over Seven Decades

Bennett

Davier

2017

Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment

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“…This prosocial behavior, a term that ETS scientist David Rosenhan (Rosenhan and White 1967) and James Bryan (Bryan and Test 1967), an ETS visiting scholar and faculty member at Northwestern University, introduced into the social psychological literature to describe all manner of positive behavior (Wispé 1972), has many definitions. Perhaps the most useful is Rosenhan's (1972): …while the bounds of prosocial behavior are not rigidly delineated, they include these behaviors where the emphasis is …upon "concern for others."…”

Section: Prosocial Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cases with psychological disturbances and moral transgressions received fewer donations, presumably because these characteristics reduce interpersonal attractiveness, specifically, likability; and cases with physical illnesses received more contributions. Bryan and Test (1967) conducted several ingenious field experiments on the effects of modeling on donations and helping. Three experiments involved donations to Salvation Army street solicitors.…”

Section: Prosocial Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Cognitive, Personality, and Social Psychology: I

Stricker¹

2017

Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment

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“…Some behaviors that have been thus faciltiated include volunteering one's services (Rosenbaum, 1956;Schacter & Hall, 1952), performing altruistic acts (Blake, Rosenbaum & Duryea, 1955;Bryan & Test, 1967;Harris, 1968), pledging oneself to a course of social action (Blake, Mouton & Hain, 1956;Helson, Blake, Mouton, & Olmstead, 1956), assisting persons in distress (Bryan & Test, 1967), seeking relevant information (Krumboltz & Thoresen, 1964), and selecting certain types of foods (Duncker, 1938), activities (Madsen, 1968), or articles (Bandura, Ross & Ross, 1963b). …”

Section: A General Overview Of Modeling Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of State and Trait Anxiety and Prestige of Model on Imitation

et al. 1983

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This study investigated the effects of state and trait anxiety on subjects' imitation of prestigious models. Female undergraduates were administered the Trait-anxiety scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and were then subjected either to anxiety inductions or relaxation procedures to manipulate state-anxiety levels. Four groups of 30 subjects each were obtained: high trait-high state, low trait-low state, high trait-low state, and low trait-high state. Subjects were then exposed to either a model of high prestige, one of low prestige, or a no-model condition. A visual fixation measure was taken to determine the amount of time subjects actually spent observing the model. A significant correlation was found between time spent observing the model and time taken to complete the maze. Subjects observing the model of high prestige tended to imitate the model's response style more than subjects observing one low in prestige. Highly trait-anxious subjects imitated more than low trait-anxious subjects when exposed to the model high in prestige. Since this study used only females, inferences to males should be made cautiously.

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Models and helping: Naturalistic studies in aiding behavior.

Cited by 360 publications

References 21 publications

Advancing Human Assessment: A Synthesis Over Seven Decades

Advancing Human Assessment: A Synthesis Over Seven Decades

Research on Cognitive, Personality, and Social Psychology: I

Effect of State and Trait Anxiety and Prestige of Model on Imitation

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