Models of Franchising for Social Enterprise

Crawford-Spencer, Elizabeth; Cantatore, Francina

doi:10.1080/1046669x.2016.1147891

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Social franchising and micro-franchising ( Christensen et al , 2010 ), like commercial franchising, are forms of franchising that operate mainly in base-of-pyramid (BOP) markets (developing countries) where franchisors’ main focus is to solve social needs while making profit ( Kistruck et al , 2011 ). It is a new model in BOP markets for social enterprise expansion ( Crawford-Spencer and Cantatore, 2016 ; Machackova, 2013 ). In some instances, social or micro-franchisors provide investment capital to franchisees to help them establish an outlet ( Combs et al , 2011a ).…”

Section: Discussion and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge management in franchising: a research agenda

Iddy

Alon

2019

JKM

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Purpose This paper aims to offer a comprehensive systematic review of knowledge management (KM) in franchising literature over the past 29 years. Design/methodology/approach By means of bibliometric citation analysis, ISI Web of Science (WoS) database is used to analyze articles from 1990-2018. A total of 169 articles by 369 authors across 40 countries published in 113 journals from 200 institutions were clustered and examined through HistCites and VOSviewer. Findings The exploration of KM in franchising is associated with 3 factors: governance structure; performance outcome; and franchise network growth. The findings also reveal that KM in franchising is still an emerging discipline encompassing conflicting results which offer potential for future research. Research limitations/implications Identified research gaps and contradicting views in the literature offer opportunities for researchers to contribute to this research domain by empirically testing the role of absorptive capacity, replication vs adaptation strategies and new franchising formats, such as micro/social franchising. Originality/value This study is unique in its examination of KM in franchising. It also highlights the value of knowledge in franchise chain performance.

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Section: Discussion and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge management in franchising: a research agenda

Iddy

Alon

2019

JKM

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“…To begin with, we contribute to the nascent stream of literature dealing with franchising in the social sector (e.g. Aliouche and Schlentrich, 2015; Crawford-Spencer, 2015; Crawford-Spencer and Cantatore, 2016; Cumberland and Litalien, 2018; Naatu and Alon, 2019; Perrigot, 2018a) by showing that “social” in “social franchising” refers to social relationships, in addition to social aspects for customers (access to basic products and/or services) and micro-franchisees (access to a job). It is in line with the social exchange theory that is often used to understand the reasons why individuals and companies enter, maintain and exit relationships (Macneil, 1980; Meek et al , 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is committed to achieving these goals by 2030 (UN, 2015). At the same time, in academic literature and the trade press, authors, such as Aliouche and Schlentrich (2015), Crawford-Spencer (2015), Crawford-Spencer and Cantatore (2016), Cumberland and Litalien (2018), Naatu and Alon (2019) and Perrigot (2018a), have analyzed the emergence, development and operations of franchised companies that attempt to meet, and often succeed in meeting, these social goals. They are called “social franchise chains.”…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social relationships and communication as key characteristics of social franchising in Africa

Perrigot

2021

IJRDM

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PurposeThis paper, using a case study on Jibu, a water distribution chain that distributes bottled water in Africa, aims to underline the importance of social relationships and communication within franchise chains operating in the social sector in developing countries and their contribution to the clarification of the concept of social franchising.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on a case study of Jibu, a water distribution chain composed of 122 franchised units and 2,100 independent retailers. The primary data were gathered through an analysis of in-depth interviews with 67 people (Jibu co-founder, headquarters staff, franchisees, micro-franchisees and customers) in Uganda and Rwanda.FindingsThe findings showed that the extent and richness of social relationships and communication existing within the Jibu chain are not limited to top-down and build a feeling of belonging to a family. These social relationships and communication are key characteristics of social franchising.Practical implicationsThis research can assist franchise experts, franchisors and franchisees to better assess the importance of social relationships and communication in social franchise chains in developing countries and help national and local governments better understand how franchising works in the social sector.Social implicationsFranchising is not limited to hotels, restaurants and retail businesses. Franchising can be applied to businesses that have social goals, in addition to profit goals. For example, the Jibu franchise is a relevant and efficient solution to providing the African people with access to drinking water at an affordable resale price. This paper, thus, contributes to increasing the awareness of this franchising phenomenon in social sectors in developing countries and in Africa, in particular.Originality/valueAccess to drinking water is an important issue in many developing countries, above all in African countries. Franchised water services are an innovation in terms of a business model in developing countries with micro-treatment plants run by franchisees and small units run by micro-franchisees or retailers, both franchisees and micro-franchisees being local entrepreneurs.

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“…The literature on social franchising as social ventures reflects the lack of consensus in determining the boundaries of social entrepreneurship (Crawford-Spencer and Cantatore, 2016). Some scholars argue social franchising occurs mainly among non-profit (Du Toit, 2017) while others maintain it can occur among commercial entities (Koehlmoos, Gazi, Hossain, & Zaman, 2009).…”

Section: Social Motive and Boundaries Of Social Franchisingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social franchising: A bibliometric and theoretical review

Naatu

Alon

2019

Journal of Promotion Management

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The rest of the paper is organised as follows: next is literature review and conceptual framework, followed by the methodology, findings, theoretical underpinnings, discussion and directions for future research, limitations and conclusion. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Commercial and Social Franchising Commercially, franchising is a contractual agreement between two independent entities (franchisor and franchisee) where the franchisor allows the franchisee the right to sell his products or services in return for fees and ongoing royalties (Lafontaine, 1992). The contract may involve products and tradename franchising or business format franchising (Alon, Boulanger, Misati, & Madanoglu, 2015). With tradename franchising, franchisees generally distribute products or services of the franchisor. In business format franchising, they receive the full business model in addition to the brand and training (Alon, et al., 2015). The main theoretical arguments given for franchising are agency and resource scarcity reasons (Tracey & Jarvis, 2007). Other factors include market saturation, search for profit, and intense competition (Alon, 2004; Rosado-Serrano, et al., 2018). Though franchisors and franchisees may engage in corporate social responsibility activities (Calderon-Monge & Huerta-Zavala, 2015), the bottom line is profit maximization (Montagu, 2002). Social franchising is variously defined, but the consensus is on the intention to achieve social benefits (Du Toit, 2017). It is a contractual arrangement that uses the format of commercial franchising to achieve social goals in different locations and countries (Montagu, 2002).

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Models of Franchising for Social Enterprise

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

Knowledge management in franchising: a research agenda

Knowledge management in franchising: a research agenda

Social relationships and communication as key characteristics of social franchising in Africa

Social franchising: A bibliometric and theoretical review

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