Models of grammar and the outcomes of long-term language contact

Åfarlí, Tor A.; Subbarao, Kakarla

doi:10.1075/tsl.126.02afa

Cited by 20 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…First of all, the model takes the Matrix Language and the Embedded Language as "theoretical primitives", that is, "it assumes that the language faculty would identify individual languages to give them the roles of Matrix Language or Embedded Language" (Riksem, 2018, p. 49). Besides, this model is concerned with bilingual performance and not with competence, so the two principles proposed under the MLF (Morpheme Order Principle and the System Morpheme Principle) should only be considered as observational generalizations (Åfarli & Subbarao, 2019;González-Vilbazo & López, 2011). Furthermore, the MLF model has been regarded as a "extremely limiting" view of codeswitching, since it pays little attention to dependencies (López, 2020).…”

Section: … Eso Ya Lo Pusimos Dentro Del Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, there has been an increasing interest in incorporating other constraintfree approaches, such as the non-lexicalist approach, in the study of codeswitching with the belief that previous models (i.e., the MLF model or the MP) fell short in explaining certain switched sequences, such as word-internal switches (Åfarli, 2015;Åfarli & Subbarao, 2019;Alexiadou & Lohndal, 2018;González-Vilbazo & López, 2011) or because these proposals were too restrictive to analyze switches within, for example, the DP (Burkholder, 2018;Grimstad et al, 2018;López, 2020;Riksem, 2018).…”

Section: Other Constraint-free Approaches: the Non-lexicalist Proposalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of grammatical gender in Spanish-English switched DPs and copula constructions..

Gómez Carrero

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Codeswitching is a language-contact phenomenon which is characterized by the simultaneous use of the two languages of the bilingual and which has been used as a tool to investigate how these two languages interact in the mind of the bilingual. The present investigation focuses on English-Spanish codeswitching within Determiner Phrases (DP switches) and within copulative constructions with an Adjective Phrase (Adj switches). By following the minimalist premises proposed by MacSwan (1999MacSwan ( , 2000 and by Liceras et al. (2005Liceras et al. ( , 2008, two issues have been under consideration: (i) the directionality of the switch, and (ii) the gender agreement mechanisms in Spanish DP switches and in Spanish Adj switches (i.e., the analogical criterion, both [+AC] and [-AC], and the masculine as default). Experimental data have been collected via three experiments from two groups of L1 Spanish -L2 English bilingual speakers (i.e., children and adults): (i) an eyetracking during reading task, (ii) a reaction time task in Gorilla, and (iii) a visual world paradigm task. Thus, both offline and online experimental data have been elicited and analyzed, as well as compared to those in previous studies. Overall, regarding the directionality of the switch, the results indicate that English DP switches and English Adj switches are processed faster and are preferred. In the case of the gender agreement mechanisms, the results point to a hierarchy (i.e., [+AC] < masculine as default < [-AC]), which shows how strongly represented Spanish gender features are in the mind of these bilinguals for whom Spanish is their L1. However, children and adults show differences which could be attributed to (i) the complexity of the structure in terms of lexical access (i.e., Adj switches are more complex than DP switches), (ii) the type of data (i.e., different patterns are found depending on whether offline data or online data are considered), (iii) the implementation of the requirements imposed by feature strength (i.e., children's performance is affected when experimental conditions make the task harder), and (iv) the interplay between the three. Keywords: codeswitching; Spanish grammatical gender; DP switches; Adj switches; directionality of the switch; gender agreement mechanisms; offline and online data; children and adults; L1 Spanish -L2 English.

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Section: … Eso Ya Lo Pusimos Dentro Del Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Constraint-free Approaches: the Non-lexicalist Proposalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of grammatical gender in Spanish-English switched DPs and copula constructions..

Gómez Carrero

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Language mixing within verbs and nouns in American Norwegian

Riksem

Grimstad

Lohndal

et al. 2019

J Comp German Linguistics

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This paper presents case-studies of language mixing within verbs and nouns in the heritage language American Norwegian, which refers to varieties spoken by Norwegian immigrants to the US and their descendants. The paper builds on data from the newly established Corpus of American Norwegian Speech and argues in favor of an exoskeletal approach to language mixing. This approach distinguishes between abstract syntactic feature bundles and the morphophonological realization of these bundles, much like in late insertion approaches to morphology. A main goal of the paper is to show how the word-internal mixing patterns observed in American Norwegian can be analyzed in a model of grammar employing an exoskeletal approach with a late-insertion approach to morphology.

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