Models of Integration of TB and HIV Services and Factors associated with Perceived Quality of TB-HIV integrated Service Delivery in OR Tambo District, South Africa

Abstract

Background Tuberculosis is the leading infectious cause of death among people living with HIV. Reducing morbidity and mortality from HIV-associated TB requires strong collaboration between TB and HIV services at all levels with full-integrated people-centred models of care. Methods This is a qualitative study design using principles of ethnography and application of the aggregate complexity theory. A total of 54 individual interviews with health care workers and patients took place in 5 primary healthcare facilities in O.R Tambo district. The participants were purposively selected until data reached saturation point, and all interviews were tape-recorded. Quantitative analysis of qualitative data was used after coding ethnographic data, looking for emerging patterns, and counting the number of times a qualitative code occurred. A Likert scale was used to assess perceived quality of TB/HIV integration. Regression models and canonical discriminant analysis were used to explore the associations between perceived quality of TB and HIV integrated service delivery and independent predictors of interest using SPSS® version 23.0 (Chicago, IL) considering a type I error of 0.05. Result Of the 54 participants, 39 (72.2%) reported that TB and HIV services were partially integrated while 15 (27.8%) participants reported that TB/HIV services were fully integrated. Using Likert scale gradient, 23 (42.6%) participants perceived quality of integrated TB/HIV services as poor while 13 (24.1%) and 18 (33.3%) perceived quality of TB/HIV integrated services as moderate and excellent, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the access to healthcare services was significantly and independently associated with the perceived quality of integrated TB/HIV services following the equation: Y = 3.72–0.06X (adjusted R2 = 23%, p-value = 0.001). Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) showed that in all 5 municipal facilities, long distances to healthcare facilities leading to reduced access to services were significantly more likely to be the most impeding factor which is negatively influencing the perceived quality of integrated TB/HIV services with functions’ coefficients ranging from 9.175 in Mhlontlo to 16.514 in KSD (Wilk’s Lambda = .750, p = .043). Conclusion HIV and TB integration is inadequate with limited accessibility. Full integration (one-stop shop services) is recommended.

Developing a Model for Integrating of Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Primary Healthcare Services in Oliver Reginald (O.R) Tambo District, Eastern Cape, South Africa

“…This study used a qualitative approach at this stage, employing the aggregate complexity theory and ethnographic ideas [34,35]. Complete mental representations of object function were provided by ethnographic principle hypotheses [35].…”

“…This study used a qualitative approach at this stage, employing the aggregate complexity theory and ethnographic ideas [34,35]. Complete mental representations of object function were provided by ethnographic principle hypotheses [35]. It has made it simpler for us to comprehend our perspectives, which is the first step in fostering reflexivity (the analysis of one's own beliefs), a crucial skill for conducting the exhaustive qualitative research required for our study [35].…”

“…Complete mental representations of object function were provided by ethnographic principle hypotheses [35]. It has made it simpler for us to comprehend our perspectives, which is the first step in fostering reflexivity (the analysis of one's own beliefs), a crucial skill for conducting the exhaustive qualitative research required for our study [35]. To comprehend the local language and social customs, ethnography demanded total immersion in the culture.…”

“…Before beginning this investigation, the researchers received training from an ethnographer. This was crucial for developing the question guide, testing it beforehand, and conducting participant interviews [35]. The interconnections between sociocultural, behavioral, interpersonal, and environmental aspects determined the framework during analysis.…”

“…The interconnections between sociocultural, behavioral, interpersonal, and environmental aspects determined the framework during analysis. When it comes to TB-HIV service integration models and variables influencing how well they are perceived, culture has a significant impact on behavior and outcomes [35]. The sample for this qualitative research phase involved 25 health service providers and 29 TB/HIV patients from the five selected health facilities in the O.R Tambo area.…”