Models of proximate and ultimate causation in psychology.

Alessi, Galen

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.11.1359

Cited by 50 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, they demonstrate Nevertheless, much uncertainty remains with respect to the processes that underlie the clinical success of the Socratic method. Although our data are consistent with the hypothesis of an underlying shaping process, whether the adjustments we observed actually qualified as shaping in a strict sense, or whether they arose from a verbal process merely analogous to shaping (Alessi, 1992), remains an important theoretical issue. Although it is not dealt with in …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Descriptive Study of the Socratic Method: Evidence for Verbal Shaping

et al. 2013

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Esta es la versión de autor del artículo publicado en: This is an author produced version of a paper published in:Behavior Therapy 44.4 (2013): 625-638 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2013.08.001 Copyright: © Association for Behavioral and Cognitive TherapiesEl acceso a la versión del editor puede requerir la suscripción del recurso Access to the published version may require subscription In this study we analyzed 65 fragments of session recordings in which a cognitive behavioral therapist employed the Socratic method with her patients. Specialized coding instruments were used to categorize the verbal behavior of the psychologist and the patients. First the fragments were classified as more or less successful depending on the overall degree of concordance between the client's verbal behavior and the therapeutic objectives. Then the fragments were submitted to sequential analysis so as to discover regularities linking the patient's verbal behavior and the therapist's responses to it. Important differences between the more and the less successful fragments involved the therapist's approval or disapproval of verbalizations that approximated therapeutic goals. These approvals and disapprovals were associated with increases and decreases, respectively, in the client's behavior. These results are consistent with the existence, in this particular case, of a process of shaping through which the therapist modifies the patient's verbal behavior in the overall direction of his or her chosen therapeutic objectives.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Descriptive Study of the Socratic Method: Evidence for Verbal Shaping

et al. 2013

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“…Taken together, these are Tinbergen's four questions, the undisputed foundation for all research in animal behavior and behavioral ecology (Dewsbury, 1999;Tinbergen, 1963). Pursuing all four together will speed progress in research on emotions (Alessi, 1992;Ketelaar & Clore, 1997;Nesse, 1999).…”

Section: What Emotions Arementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution, emotions, and emotional disorders.

Nesse

Ellsworth

2009

American Psychologist

305

267

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(Gingerich, Raza, Arif, Anwar, & Zhou, 1994). While such events are rarely predictable, they can be reliably explained by Charles Darwin's and Alfred Russel Wallace's great idea, natural selection. Four-legged whale ancestors that could swim better underwater had more offspring; over thousands of generations, their descendants gradually became superb aquatic athletes.Happenstance occurs in intellectual evolution as well. After finishing The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (Darwin, 1871), Darwin realized that materials he had long collected on emotions could be organized to refute Charles Bell's earlier claim that the elaborate musculature of the human face was evidence of Divine design. He quickly wrote The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin, 1872(Darwin, /1965, emphasizing the phylogenetic consistency of emotional expressions from animals to humans. The book is, as advertised, about expression, and it says little about the selective forces that produced emotions, leaving a persisting anti-Darwinian legacy for emotions research (Fridlund, 1992).However, Darwin clearly recognized that evolution shaped not only the physical characteristics of an organism but also its mental processes and behavioral repertoires. The knowledge that natural selection shaped the brain mechanisms that mediate motivation and emotions offers a solid foundation on which a modern theory of emotions is being built.Although current psychological theories of emotion differ widely in many particulars, almost all now agree that emotions are adaptive responses that arise from mechanisms shaped by selection (Plutchik, 2003). It is now hard to imagine that just four decades ago emotions were generally seen as products of learning unrelated to natural selection. It took Ekman's, Izard's and Eibl-Eibesfeldt's studies of cross-cultural consistency in emotional expression to overthrow that view (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1983;Ekman & Davidson, 1994;Izard, 1991). In retrospect, it is obvious that learning cannot be the whole story and that emotions would not exist unless they were useful. Evolution is not an alternative to other theories of emotions; it is the common foundation for all. Many of its contributions are so simple that they are not always recognized. To highlight the continuing importance of Darwin's theory of natural selection for emotions, we consider its implications for several classic questions. What Emotions AreDefinitions of emotions typically describe proximate aspects such as physiology, subjective experience, or facial expression, often emphasizing one or another component (Ekman & Davidson, 1994;Izard, 2007). An evolutionary approach defines what emotions are in terms of how they came to exist. Emotions are modes of functioning, shaped by natural selection, that coordinate physiological, cognitive, motivational, behavioral, and subjective responses in patterns that increase the ability to meet the adaptive challenges of situations that have recurred over evolutionary time (Nesse, 1990). They are adapta...

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“…As causas últimas, também chamadas de históricas ou evolutivas, são as que procuram explicar por que os indivíduos, como conjunto, são de uma certa maneira e não de outras tantas possíveis (Mayr, 1998). Grande confusão nas explicações psicológicas de determinados aspectos do comportamento humano pode ser produzida justamente pela falta de diferenciação entre os níveis de análise de suas causas (Alessi, 1992). Mas ao procurar compreender o ser humano a partir de uma concepção biopsicossocial, não é possível evitar a análise em mais de um nível, pois os fenômenos humanos devem ser resultantes de múltiplas determinações.…”

Section: Definições E Níveis De Análiseunclassified

Fatores etiológicos da agressão física: uma revisão teórica

Kristensen

Lima

Ferlin

et al. 2003

Estud. psicol. (Natal)

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ResumoConsiderando o fenômeno do comportamento agressivo, inicialmente são apresentadas quatro abordagens teóricas abrangentes: etologia, psicanálise, behaviorismo e teoria da aprendizagem social. Após uma análise crítica destas abordagens, modelos teóricos recentes são apresentados: cognitivismo neo-associacionista, processamento de informação social, interacionismo social e modelo geral de agressão baseado em estruturas de conhecimento. Finalmente, argumenta-se que o emprego de uma abordagem biológica pode enriquecer os modelos atuais do comportamento agressivo, oferecendo explicações tanto sobre as pressões ambientais ao longo do processo evolutivo quanto sobre a influência das interações sociais na organização e funcionamento do sistema nervoso central. Palavras-chave: agressão física, modelos teóricos, biologia AbstractEtiological factors of physical aggression: a theoretical review. Four theoretical approaches are initially reviewed regarding human aggressive behavior: ethology, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and social learning theory. After a critical appraisal of these models, the recent theoretical approaches of cognitive neoassociationism, social information processing, social interactionism, and general aggression model based on knowledge structures are presented. Finally, it is proposed that a biological approach can be very useful as a way of explaining the environmental pressures throughout evolution, as well as the impact of social interactions on human brain.

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Models of proximate and ultimate causation in psychology.

Cited by 50 publications

References 25 publications

Descriptive Study of the Socratic Method: Evidence for Verbal Shaping

Descriptive Study of the Socratic Method: Evidence for Verbal Shaping

Evolution, emotions, and emotional disorders.

Fatores etiológicos da agressão física: uma revisão teórica

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