Models of the REE distribution in the black shale Bazhenov Formation of the West Siberian marine basin, Russia

Controls on the distribution of rare earth elements in the Kupferschiefer series of SW Poland

“…Although or ganic mat ter and sulphides are not ef fec tive con centra tors of REE, they may ac cu mu late more (M + H)REE than LREE (Jiang et al, 2006;Zanin et al, 2010). Lo cally en countered rocks of the Kupferschiefer se ries en riched in P 2 O 5 or con tain ing phos phate min er als (e.g., Kucha, 1982;Mayer and Piestrzyñski, 1986;Hartmann et al, 1997;Michalik, 2001;Saw³owicz, 2013) sug gest the pos si bil ity of REE lib er a tion from phos phates which are com monly en riched in MREE (e.g., Hannigan and Sholkovitz, 2001;Shields and Stille, 2001;Bouch et al, 2002).…”

“…In the ma rine sed i men ta tion dom i nated by de po si tion of clay and or ganic mat ter, the dis tri bu tion of REE de pends primar ily on the com po si tion of terrigenous source ma te rial, biogenic ma te rial com po si tion, and re dox con di tions in bot tom wa ters (e.g., Piper, 1974;McLennan, 1989;Ger man et al, 1991;Jiang et al, 2006;Zanin et al, 2010). Mod ern sed i ments de pos ited un der re duc ing con di tions are char ac ter ized mostly by rel a tively flat REE pat terns, with a slight HREE en rich ment (de Baar et al, 1988;Piper and Bau, 2013).…”

“…Sorption, not only by he ma tite but also by clay, sil ica and alu mina, can be also re spon si ble for REE con cen tra tion (cf. Protano and Riccobono, 2002;Gam mons et al, 2003;Piasecki and Sverjensky, 2008;Zanin et al, 2010;Ma et al, 2011), there fore up take by clay min er als (Saw³owicz, 2013), par tic u larly by neomorphic illite (Bechtel et al, 1999(Bechtel et al, , 2001b and by car bon -ates (Michalik, 2001), can be also con sid ered. Vari abil ity of REE con cen tra tions, with re spect to dif fer ent lithologies are assumed to be as so ci ated with the con tent of clay ma te rial (Mayer et al, 1992).…”

“…Strong con sid er ation is given to chem i cal prop er ties of min er aliz ing so lu tions (low pH, high sa lin ity, el e vated tem per a ture and the pres ence of lig ands) that fa cil i tate fluid-rock in ter ac tions (Johannesson et al, 1996;Worrall and Pearson, 2001;Protano and Riccobono, 2002;Verplanck et al, 2004), how ever, desorption pro cesses (Gosselin et al, 1992;Protano and Riccobono, 2002;Ma et al, 2011) and leach ing of cer tain min eral phases, such as he ma tite, phos phates, clay min er als, car bon ates or organic mat ter have been pro posed as the most prob a ble processes that may be re spon si ble for MREE en rich ments in flu ids (Sholkovitz, 1995;Johannesson et al, 1996;Cruse et al, 2000, Hannigan andSholkovitz, 2001;Shields and Stille 2001;Welch et al, 2009;Zanin et al, 2010).…”

“…The REE de pos its as so ci ated with black shale are ex tremely rare (Gieré, 1996;Long et al, 2012;Jaireth et al, 2014;Simandl, 2014), ex cept ing a few polymetallic black shales (Weng et al, 2015), phosphorite-bear ing shales (e.g., Cruse et al, 2000), black slates (Loukola --Ruskeeniemi and Lahtinen, 2013) or shales with IOCG hy drother mal min er ali sa tion (Simandl, 2014). REE in sev eral other shale-re lated polymetallic de pos its oc cur as ac com pa ny ing com mod i ties (e.g., Jiang et al, 2006;Zanin et al, 2010), however, there is lit tle in for ma tion about eco nomic util ity.…”