Moderate-intensity Exercise Training in Sole and Simultaneous Forms with Insulin Ameliorates the Experimental Type 1 Diabetes-induced Intrinsic Apoptosis in Testicular Tissue

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of moderate-intensity exercise training in sole and simultaneous forms with insulin on experimental type 1 diabetes (T1D)-induced apoptosis. A total of 36 mature male Wistar rats were divided into six equally sized groups, including sedentary control (Con), moderate-intensity exercise training (E-sole), sedentary T1D-induced (D-sole), moderate-exercise-trained T1D-induced (DE), insulin-treated sedentary T1D-induced (DI) and exercise-trained, and insulin-treated T1D-induced (DEI) groups. The 6-week exercise training intervention was involved 30 min of moderate-intensity running on a treadmill once daily (5 days/week). Next, tubular differentiation (TDI) and spermiogenesis (SPI) indices were assessed. The Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 expressions were determined using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques. Finally, the TUNEL staining was used to analyze the apoptosis ratio. The moderate-intensity exercise training in the sole and when simultaneously considered with insulin (DEI) maintained testicular cellularity, up-regulated Bcl-2 expression, reduced Bax expression and ameliorated the diabetes-induced apoptosis. We failed to show remarkable alterations in caspase-3 mRNA and protein levels in the DE group versus D-sole animals. In conclusion, the moderate-intensity exercise training is able to potentially protect testicular cells from T1D-induced intrinsic apoptosis via up-regulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax expressions. Moreover, it amplifies the insulin-induced anti-apoptotic impacts.

The Role of Exercise to Reduce the Impact of Diabetes in the Seminal Quality: A Systematic Review

“…Regarding the "random selection of participants", we have considered that the animals were randomly selected. Furthermore, the lack of baseline measures in two of the studies [16,17] made it impossible to judge if there were differences at baseline, so items 7 and 8 could have been scored as "N/A".…”

“…The current systematic review includes a sample size of 260 participants (180 rats and 80 humans) divided into the following groups: healthy control group (Con) (n = 40), diabetic control group (Dia) (n = 60), diabetic and insulin injection intervention (DiaIn) (n = 18), healthy control group participating in an exercise intervention (Ex) (n = 30), diabetic group participating in an exercise intervention (DiaEx) (n = 848), and a diabetic group with regulated insulin injection and participating in an exercise intervention (DiaInEx) (n = 28). The diabetic groups incorporated T2DM [19][20][21] and type I diabetes mellitus [16][17][18]. Mice aged eight weeks [20,21] and aged two months [16,17] and their weights ranged from 180 g to 250 g. In the human studies included, the participants had a mean age of 36.09 years old and a 30% fat mass [19] or a body mass index of 22.8 kg/m2 [18] (shown in Table 2).…”

“…The diabetic groups incorporated T2DM [19][20][21] and type I diabetes mellitus [16][17][18]. Mice aged eight weeks [20,21] and aged two months [16,17] and their weights ranged from 180 g to 250 g. In the human studies included, the participants had a mean age of 36.09 years old and a 30% fat mass [19] or a body mass index of 22.8 kg/m2 [18] (shown in Table 2). Con: control group; Dia: diabetic control group; DiaIn: insulin administration group; DiaEx: diabetic and exercise intervention group; DiaInEx: diabetic group with insulin administration and exercise intervention; DiaExE: diabetic and endurance exercise intervention group; DiaExR: diabetic and resistance exercise intervention group; DiaExC: diabetic and combined exercise intervention group.…”

“…The exercise programs' mean length was 9.2 ± 3.35 weeks (from 6 to 14), although one study investigated the effects of acute exercise planning a unique session [18]. As Table 3 shows, participants exercised three [19], five [16,17,21], and six [20] days/week, and the sessions had an approximated mean duration of 43.2 min (including the acute exercise session). The type of exercise performed in all the interventions was endurance training, concretely running [16,17,[19][20][21], and cycling [18].…”

“…As Table 3 shows, participants exercised three [19], five [16,17,21], and six [20] days/week, and the sessions had an approximated mean duration of 43.2 min (including the acute exercise session). The type of exercise performed in all the interventions was endurance training, concretely running [16,17,[19][20][21], and cycling [18]. The intensity of the aerobic exercise carried out was moderate: 50% VO2max [18], 65% VO2max (18 m/min) [16,17], 55-70% HRpeak [19] and 27 m/min [20,21].…”