Moderate swimming exercise and caffeine supplementation reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines without causing oxidative stress in tissues of middle-aged rats

Fett

et al. 2016

AJTCAM

Background: Intense physical training increases oxidative stress and inflammation, resulting into muscle and cellular damage. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of caffeine supplementation on trained young individuals subjected to two treadmill maximal tests. Materials and Methods: It was a double-blind and crossover study comprising 24 active individuals within the age group 18-30 years. The comparisons were conducted: the effect of exercise (week 1 x 2) and caffeine intake (GC x GP) on thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) variables during pre-exercise time (30 min. after caffeine or placebo intake) and post-exercise (5 min after treadmill test). Results:The comparison between weeks 1 and 2 showed increase in the first week, in the following items: TBARS, IL-6 and IL-10 in the GC and GP groups. The comparison within the same week showed that GC individuals presented lower post-exercise TBARS values in the first and second weeks; IL-6 presented higher post-exercise values in the GC group in both weeks. The paired analysis comparing pre-and post-exercise, with and without caffeine showed that IL-6 presented higher post-exercise values in the GC group. Conclusion: Caffeine used by athletes can decrease oxidative stress. The increased IL-6 suggest that this ergogenic supplement may stimulate muscle hypertrophy, since IL-6 has myokine effect. However, the caffeine effect on IL-6 level and muscle hypertrophy increase should be better investigated in future studies.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Trained Individuals Subjected to Maximal Treadmill Test

Fett

et al. 2016

AJTCAM

“…Caffeine is classified as part of the methylxanthine family of drugs (Cechella et al, 2014;Mohr, Nielsen, Bangsbo, 2011) and is extensively consumed by athletes as an ergogenic aid (Backhouse et al, 2011;Mohr, Nielsen, Bangsbo, 2011) since its removal from the World AntiDoping Agency (WADA) prohibited list of substances (Backhouse et al, 2011;Mohr, Nielsen, Bangsbo, 2011). According to the Medical Council of International Olympic Committee (IOC), caffeine is allowed in sports as long as its urinary excretion level is below 12 µg/mL (Bell, Jacobs, Ellerington, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the U.S.A., adults ingest an average of 3 mg/kg of caffeine daily in coffee, tea, caffeinated sodas, and many other drinks and food (Sökmen et al, 2008). The popularity of caffeine as an ergogenic aide has increased dramatically over the last decade (Hendrix et al, 2010), Caffeine is the most widely consumed to improve cognitive, physical performance during exercise and has become a popular ergogenic aid among recreational and competitive athletes (Hendrix et al, 2010;Sökmen et al, 2008;Zheng et al, 2014).Caffeine is classified as part of the methylxanthine family of drugs (Cechella et al, 2014;Mohr, Nielsen, Bangsbo, 2011) and is extensively consumed by athletes as an ergogenic aid (Backhouse et al, 2011;Mohr, Nielsen, Bangsbo, 2011) since its removal from the World AntiDoping Agency (WADA) prohibited list of substances (Backhouse et al, 2011;Mohr, Nielsen, Bangsbo, 2011). According to the Medical Council of International Olympic Committee (IOC), caffeine is allowed in sports as long as its urinary excretion level is below 12 µg/mL (Bell, Jacobs, Ellerington, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of different doses of caffeine on performance, rating of perceived exertion and pain perception in teenagers female karate athletes

Arazi

Hoseinihaji

Eghbali

2016

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

The present study set to examine the effects of different doses of caffeine on performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and pain perception in female teenager athletes of karate. Ten female karate athletes (16.8±1.23 years; height 1.59±0.28 m; body-mass 57.73±8.33 kg; BMI 22.71±3.05 kg/m 2 ) participated in the study. A double-blind, randomized, and crossover counterbalanced design was used. In three sessions (with an interval of seven days'), ten female karate athletes ingested low dose (2 mg/ kg), moderate dose (5 mg/kg) caffeine, and placebo. Sixty minutes after consumption, they performed the tests as below: one repetition maximum and 60% of one repetition maximum in the leg press, explosive power test, and anaerobic RAST test. After the tests, the participants' RPE (6-20 scale) and pain perception (0-10 scale) were recorded using various categorical scales. The results showed that caffeine ingestion at moderate dose significantly reduced RPE and pain perception values compared with the placebo during muscular endurance test (P=0.0001 and P=0.039, respectively). The findings suggest that caffeine dose of 5 mg/kg body mass appears to improve RPE and pain perception in female teenager athletes of karate. The dose of 2 mg/kg body mass does not confer any additional improvement in performance.Uniterms: Caffeine/effects. Karate athletes/performance. Caffeine/rating of perceived exertion. Caffeine/ performance. Caffeine/pain perception. INTRODUCTIONCaffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a plant alkaloid that occurs naturally in the diet (Sökmen et al., 2008) and nearly 90% of US adults consume caffeine in forms of coffee, tea, or other caffeinated food products (8 cup of coffee may contain 50-200 mg caffeine) (Owens, 2015;Yang, Palmer, De Wit, 2010). In the U.S.A., adults ingest an average of 3 mg/kg of caffeine daily in coffee, tea, caffeinated sodas, and many other drinks and food (Sökmen et al., 2008). The popularity of caffeine as an ergogenic aide has increased dramatically over the last decade (Hendrix et al., 2010), Caffeine is the most widely consumed to improve cognitive, physical performance during exercise and has become a popular ergogenic aid among recreational and competitive athletes (Hendrix et al., 2010;Sökmen et al., 2008;Zheng et al., 2014).Caffeine is classified as part of the methylxanthine family of drugs (Cechella et al., 2014;Mohr, Nielsen, Bangsbo, 2011) and is extensively consumed by athletes as an ergogenic aid (Backhouse et al., 2011;Mohr, Nielsen, Bangsbo, 2011) since its removal from the World AntiDoping Agency (WADA) prohibited list of substances (Backhouse et al., 2011;Mohr, Nielsen, Bangsbo, 2011). According to the Medical Council of International Olympic Committee (IOC), caffeine is allowed in sports as long as its urinary excretion level is below 12 µg/mL (Bell, Jacobs, Ellerington, 2001).Taken orally, caffeine reaches a peak plasma concentration of 30-90 min after ingestion, and a halflife has been reported to be 3 to 5 hours with a modest intake of coffee (Sökmen et al.,...

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

“…In general, exercise can exclusively affect cytokine levels depending on exercise type, duration, and intensity [21,26] . Several exercise protocols performed in animals or humans have reported different findings regarding cytokine levels [15,[27][28][29][30][31] . Mechanical stimulation of some tissues such as muscle, vascular smooth muscle, connective tissue, and bone leads to change in TGF-β1 production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It seems like TGF-β1 levels transiently increase at the beginning of the exercise regimen and then normalization occurs due to the adaptation [32] . It has also been determined that exercise led to a reduction in TNF-α by stimulating IL-6 levels and increase in IL-1ra and IL-10 and antioxidant levels [22,[27][28][29][30] . On the other hand, there is evidence that moderate and overtraining swimming exercise does not induce any significant differences in TNF-α and IL-6 levels, but moderate exercise decreases TBARS levels in rats, suggesting that the intensive exercise periods or overtraining may not cause detrimental effects which consistent with our results [31] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ratlarda Yüzdürme Egzersizi ve Probiyotik VSL#3’ün Zonulin ile Bazı Yangısal ve Oksidatif Değişkenlere Etkileri

Ünsal¹,

Ünsal²,

Üner³

et al. 2016

Moderate exercise stimulates immune system whereas intensive exercise may display immune-suppressive effect associated with the disruption of intestinal barrier. With this study, we tested the effects of moderate and intensive swimming exercises on some cytokines and oxidant variables and zonulin, an intestinal barrier marker, in rats. We also tested possible ameliorative effects of probiotic VSL#3 in both moderate and intensive exercise regimens. Twenty eight rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: Control-C, Probiotic-P, Exercise-E, Probiotic+Exercise-PE. The rats in group E and PE underwent moderate swimming exercise for 5 weeks. Following this period, intensive swimming exercise was performed for 5 days. The rats in group C and group P were sedentary. Probiotic VSL#3 was given to group P and PE in the water. At the end of the experiments, serum zonulin, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, MDA, and protein carbonyl levels were determined. Evidences obtained from present study indicate that moderate swimming exercise improves barrier integrity of intestine and decreases oxidative stress. During the moderate swimming experiment, probiotic VSL#3 supplementation may also improve inflammatory response. On the other hand, intensive exercise does not led changes in the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, but beneficial responses of moderate exercise on the selected parameters probably disappear due to the intense exercise-induced mild stress. Keywords: Cytokine, Oxidative parameters, Probiotic, Rat, Swimming exercise, Zonulin Ratlarda Yüzdürme Egzersizi ve Probiyotik VSL#3'ün Zonulin İle Bazı Yangısal ve Oksidatif Değişkenlere Etkileri ÖzetYoğun egzersizler intestinal bariyerin bozulmasıyla ilişkili olarak immun-supresif etki oluşturabilirken, ılımlı egzersizler immun sistemi stimule eder. Bu çalışma ile ratlarda ılımlı ve yoğun yüzdürme egzersizlerinin bazı sitokinlere, oksidan değişkenlere ve intestinal bariyer belirteci zonuline etkilerini değerlendirdik. Ayrıca probiyotik VSL#3'ün hem ılımlı hem de yoğun yüzdürme periyodundaki olası iyileştirici etkilerini test ettik. Yirmi sekiz rat, rasgele 4 eşit gruba ayrıldı: Kontrol-C, Probiyotik-P, Egzersiz-E, Probiyotik+Egzersiz-PE. E ve PE grubundaki ratlara 5 hafta süreyle ılımlı yüzdürme egzersizi ve ılımlı yüzdürme periyodunu takiben 5 gün süreyle yoğun yüzdürme egzersizi yaptırıldı. C ve P grupları ise sedanter grupları oluşturdu. P ve PE gruplarına içme suyu ile probiyotik VSL#3 verildi. Deneylerin sonunda serumda zonulin, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, MDA ve protein karbonil düzeyleri belirlendi. Sonuçlar ılımlı yüzdürme egzersizinin bağırsak bariyer bütünlüğünü koruduğunu ve oksidatif stresi azalttığını göstermektedir. Ilımlı egzersiz sürecinde probiyotik VSL#3 alınması yangısal yanıtı da olumlu etkileyebilir. Diğer taraftan yoğun egzersiz herhangi bir yangısal yanıta ve oksidatif strese neden olmamıştır. Fakat ılımlı egzersizin ortaya çıkardığı faydalı yanıtlar muhtemelen yoğun egzersizin oluşturduğu hafif şiddetteki stres nedeniyle ortadan kalkmıştır.