Moderately dysphoric mothers behave more positively with their infants after completing the BDI

Raag, Taria; Malphurs, Julie; Field, Tiffany; Pelaez‐Nogueras, Martha; Martínez, A.; Pickens, Jeffrey; Bendell, Debra; Yando, Regina

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199724)18:4<394::aid-imhj6>3.0.co;2-l

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Depressed mothers provide very little touch to their infants and when touch is observed it is often functional and not affectionate (Feldman & Eidleman, 2003; Feldman et al, 2004a). In terms of maternal affect, depressed mothers display flat, stressed, or negative facial expressions and have difficulty regulating their own emotions (Field et al, 1985; Sameroff, Seifer, & Zax, 1982; Raage et al, 1997). Such a marked decrease in all of the building blocks of synchrony – voice, gaze, affect, touch, and proximity – is likely to impact on the temporal parameters of the interaction.…”

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confidence: 99%

Parent–infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions

Feldman

2007

Child Psychology Psychiatry

1,038

940

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Synchrony, a construct used across multiple fields to denote the temporal relationship between events, is applied to the study of parent-infant interactions and suggested as a model for intersubjectivity. Three types of timed relationships between the parent and child's affective behavior are assessed: concurrent, sequential, and organized in an ongoing patterned format, and the development of each is charted across the first year. Viewed as a formative experience for the maturation of the social brain, synchrony impacts the development of self-regulation, symbol use, and empathy across childhood and adolescence. Different patterns of synchrony with mother, father, and the family and across cultures describe relationship-specific modes of coordination. The capacity to engage in temporally-matched interactions is based on physiological mechanisms, in particular oscillator systems, such as the biological clock and cardiac pacemaker, and attachment-related hormones, such as oxytocin. Specific patterns of synchrony are described in a range of child-, parent- and context-related risk conditions, pointing to its ecological relevance and usefulness for the study of developmental psychopathology. A perspective that underscores the organization of discrete relational behaviors into emergent patterns and considers time a central parameter of emotion and communication systems may be useful to the study of interpersonal intimacy and its potential for personal transformation across the lifespan.

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confidence: 99%

Parent–infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions

Feldman

2007

Child Psychology Psychiatry

1,038

940

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“…There seems to be an effort to establish a connection with the baby. Raag et al (1997) found that depressed mothers are able to compensate for their depressive behavior when interacting with their infants; they interacted in more positive ways when reminded about their depressive symptoms before the interaction. Hence, it could be that the depressed mothers in our sample were more aware of their symptomatology due to the Note: p < 0.05; the categories 4 and 5 are mutually exclusive, given that we consider that these behaviors cannot happen simultaneously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant-direct speech and mother-infant attention in depressed and nondepressed mothers

Santos

Bussab

2020

Inter. Psicol.

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Postpartum depression (PPD) is associated with disturbances in many aspects of mother-infant interaction. We compared the content of the infant-directed speech (IDS), the expression of positive affection in the maternal voice and the attentional engagement in dyads of PPD and non-PPD mothers. Participants of this study were 80 mothers and their infants at 3-6 months. According to Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) 40 mothers were considered depressed. Mothers and their babies were videotaped during free play interactions. No significant differences were found among groups for the averages of all the categories. Two data sets representing optimal interactions styles were created based on the correlation coefficients. A linear regression analysis indicated that the mother`s years of education was a predictive factor for the occurrence of these interactive styles only for PPD mothers. PPD influenced mother-infant interaction when associated with maternal socio-demographic characteristics.

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“…Soon after the mother-infant interaction studies became popular, some investigators turned to laboratory studies of mothers' emotional expressions and infants' perception and production of facial and vocal expressions. These studies on affect perception and production suggested that (a) depressed mothers exhibited fewer positive faces and fewer animated faces and voices (Raag et al, 1997); (b) infants of depressed mothers produced more sad and angry faces and showed fewer expressions of interest (Pickens & Field, 1993b), (c) they also showed a preference for sad faces and voices as expressed by greater looking time at videotaped models that looked and sounded sad (Pickens & Field, 1993b), which might relate to sad expressions being more familiar to them; (d) they also displayed less accurate matching of happy facial expressions with happy vocal expressions as early as the neonatal period (Lundy, Field, & Pickens, 1997), and (e) during a "mother holding doll" situation, 1 -year-old infants of depressed mothers showed less protest behavior, suggesting a continuity of flat affect across the first year (Hart, Field, DelValle, & Letourneau, 1998).…”

Section: Laboratory Studies On Affect Perception and Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal effects of maternal depression.

Field¹

2002

Children of Depressed Parents: Mechanisms of Risk and Implications for Treatment.

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Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) does not feature a diagnosis for infant depression, chronic maternal depression effects may appear as early as the prenatal period. Because most chronically depressed women are unwilling to take medications during pregnancy, psychology is challenged to find alternative preventive treatments. This literature also highlights the importance of genetic studies including adoption and twin research to assess potential genetically mediated risk factors for newborn depression.Whereas about 10% of nonrisk community samples experience clinical depression in the postpartum period, in at least one sample less than 2% of women experienced depression continuing past 6 months, and 80% of them recovered relatively quickly without treatment and without significantly affecting their infants' development (Campbell & Cohn, 1997). However, in communities with other risk factors such as poverty, significant numbers of women are chronically depressed (Field, 1995). For this group, maternal depression appears to affect prenatal, neonatal, and infant development.The purpose of this chapter is to review studies on this high-risk group including early intervention studies that may help inform clinicians' referrals. Most of the studies on this high-risk population were conducted by our group and therefore are presented in detail. However, studies from other labs are also briefly reviewed whenever relevant or if they served as models for our studies. In most of these studies the mothers were chronically depressed (dysthymic) as well as having other risk factors including low socioeconomic status (SES). In some studies the mothers were adolescent, another notable risk factor for maternal unavailability to infants. These risk factors are potential confounds. However, the depressed and nondepressed mothers came from the same SES and age groups, so depression was an additional factor for the group labeled depressed and seemingly the only way in which the depressed and nondepressed groups differed.In most of the studies reviewed, depression was defined as protracted state of low mood or dysthymia, typically determined by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al., 1961) or Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) combined with a diagnostic interview (often the Diagnostic Interview Survey [DISC]). Although these measures have been noted to be significantly correlated (Wilcox, Field, Prodromidis, & Scafidi, 1996), more mothers have been classified as depressed on the basis of the BDI or CES-D alone and not the DISC, which suggests that combining one of these with the diagnostic interview yields false positives. Differential diagnosis is one of the primary methodological difficulties conducting research with this population. Other problems include noncompliance with the treatment and the research assessment process, which probably relates to those other risk factors including poverty, minority status, lack of educa...

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Moderately dysphoric mothers behave more positively with their infants after completing the BDI

Cited by 7 publications

References 20 publications

Parent–infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions

Parent–infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions

Infant-direct speech and mother-infant attention in depressed and nondepressed mothers

Prenatal effects of maternal depression.

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