Modern approach to an old technique: Narrative revision of techniques used to locate the epidural space

Esketamine combined with sevoflurane anaesthesia for transurethral resection of the prostate in ankylosing spondylitis with severe thoracolumbar kyphoscoliosis: a case report and literature review

“…Second, the epidural space may disappear in patients with severe deformity of the thoracolumbar spine, because of extreme stretching of the ligaments as well as the dura and arachnoid mater. In such cases, the signs of successful epidural puncture, such as the difference in distensibility between the ligamentum flavum and the epidural space and the existence of negative pressure within the epidural space, no longer exist [ 13 ]. Therefore, neuraxial blockades pose a great risk of inadvertent dural/arachnoid puncture, which may lead to cerebrospinal fluid outflow.…”