Modern day slavery: What drives human trafficking in Europe?

Hernández, Diego; Rudolph, Alexandra

doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.02.002

Cited by 68 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Eastern EU countries account for almost all the domestic contribution to footprint intensity. It might be due to certain self-reinforcing factors such as the establishment of refugee corridors along Eastern Europe, the liberalisation of borders and the institutional weakness of some transitional economies, which allow migrants to be prone to exploitation and human trafficking intensely in this area [14,59].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, huge flows of bad work embodied in trade are arising from developing regions to wealthy nations [9], creating a network in which servant countries support lifestyle of master coutries [10]. The most abject phenomena like labour slavery are still a reality all over the world, not only in developing countries in Asia, South America or Africa, where even children are involved in forced labour [11,12], but also in developed regions such as Europe [13], especially affecting the most vulnerable groups-migrants and refugees-in host countries with weak institutions [14]. In addition, the relationship between safety at work and development is also a controversial binomial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unmasking social distant damage of developed regions’ lifestyle: A decoupling analysis of the indecent labour footprint

et al. 2020

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A fair path to achieve a sustainable world would imply reducing the eventual negative effects linked to the production process while increasing economic output, which is referred to in the literature as impact decoupling. This article aims to assess whether global consumption chains are currently on the decoupling path or not, from a social point of view. Specifically, we address the working conditions which developed societies' lifestyle sparked at a distance in global factory countries, focusing on the most harmful consequences of an indecent work. Additionally, we determine the kind of decoupling observed through the new concept of social footprints' elasticities with respect to final demand for each region. We employ a Multi-Regional Input-Output model and an own elaboration database of social impacts concerning undignified working conditions. Results indicate that most countries achieved the goal of decoupling occupational injuries-both fatal and non-fatal-from production, while results for forced labour show a slower and sometimes uncertain process of decoupling. European Union and United States' footprints have been reduced overtime for the three impacts. However, more than half of these footprints are still generated by imports, mainly from developing regions.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unmasking social distant damage of developed regions’ lifestyle: A decoupling analysis of the indecent labour footprint

et al. 2020

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“…The index ranges from 1 (weak level of law and order) to 6 (high level of law and order). Hernandez and Rudolph (2015) used the law and order index as a proxy for the level of enforceability and found that it is related negatively to human trafficking flows. The hypothesis that corruption facilitates drug exchanges between countries is tested by introducing into the model the level of corruption as measured by the World Bank, that is, perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption.…”

Section: Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Illicit Drugs Move Across Countries? A Network Analysis of the Heroin Supply to Europe

Giommoni

Aziani

Berlusconi

2016

Journal of Drug Issues

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Illicit drugs are trafficked across manifold borders before ultimately reaching consumers. Consequently, interdiction of cross-border drug trafficking forms a critical component of the European Union's initiative to reduce drug supplies. However, there is contradictory evidence about its effectiveness, which is due, in part, to a paucity of information about how drugs flow across borders. This study uses a network approach to analyze international drug trafficking both to and within Europe, drawing on several perspectives to delineate the factors that affect how drug shipments move across borders. The analysis explicates how drug trafficking is concentrated along specific routes; moreover, we demonstrate that its structure is not random but, rather, driven by specific factors. In particular, corruption and social and geographical proximity are key factors explaining the configuration of heroin supply to European countries. This study also provides essential insights into the disruption of traffickers' illicit activities.

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“…Prevalent conceptions of human trafficking deploy space as a fixed, absolute and discrete category. This approach is strongly informed by the framing of human trafficking as the series of sequential processes of recruitment, transit and exploitation (Smith, ), which is very influential in both academic (Aronowitz, ; Gajic‐Veljanoski & Stewart, ; Gozdziak & Collett, ; Hernandez & Rudolph, ; Laczko, ; Laczko & Gramegna, ; Lehti & Aromaa, ; Leman & Janssens, ; Tyldum & Brunovskis, ; Zimmerman et al., ) and policy (ILO, ; IOM, ; Transparency International, ; UNODC, ; WHO, ) debates. While such a multi‐staged model arguably offers the lucidity required within much of the legal and policy milieu of anti‐trafficking (Gallagher & Surtees, ; Zimmerman et al., ), it isolates the sets of relations that constitute human trafficking within discrete spatio‐temporal segments.…”

Section: Adding “Space” To the Relational Critique Of Human Traffickingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relational geographies of human trafficking: Inequality, manoeuvring and im/mobility across space and time

Blažek

Smith

2018

Trans Inst British Geog

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This paper demonstrates why and how a fuller geographical perspective extends contemporary scholarship on human trafficking within and beyond the discipline.We employ a relational approach and draw on in-depth qualitative research with trafficked persons and a range of stakeholders in Slovakia and the United Kingdom (UK), to depict how the processes underpinning human trafficking are nonlinear and operate instantaneously at multiple intersecting scales and temporalities and through diverse mobilities. The analysis problematises the discrete and homogeneous notion of space coupled with a linear conceptualisation of time and, more specifically, the normative portrayals of recruitment, transit and exploitation as distinct and sequential phases of human trafficking. Instead, the individuated experiences of trafficked persons are examined in relational geographies of inequality, manoeuvring and mobilities. Such a conceptual shift ensures that efforts to understand and combat human trafficking address its effects as well as the wider social relations and structural conditions that facilitate exploitation. We conclude the paper by outlining how a relational-geographic perspective has the potential to foster new forms of dialogue and inquiry within and beyond the discipline. K E Y W O R D SEastern Europe, exploitation, human trafficking, inequality, mobilities, relational geographies 1 | INTRODUCTION Human trafficking is inherently spatial, comprising cross-cutting processes of exploitation within and across local, regional, national and international borders. Yet, academic, policy and media understandings of human trafficking tend to rely on a discrete and homogeneous conceptualisation of space coupled with a linear conceptualisation of time (Smith, 2017). Our aim in this paper is to contribute to critical debates over structural inequalities that underpin human trafficking (Anderson & Ruhs, 2010;Andrijasevic, 2010;Lewis et al., 2015;Piper et al., 2015) by offering a geographical conceptualisation of human trafficking that explicitly recognises the relational nature of space and time. Using in-depth qualitative research with trafficked persons and a range of stakeholders in Slovakia and the United Kingdom (UK), we examine why viewing processes such as recruitment, transit and exploitation as distinct and sequential phases of the human trafficking process is reductive. In turn, we reframe human trafficking as a relational composition that spans multiple spaces and temporalities.The paper is structured as follows. First, we outline relational perspectives on human trafficking within critical inter-disciplinary scholarship and suggest that this could be enriched by engaging explicitly with relational conceptions of space (and time). Second, we introduce the writings of Massey, Bergson and Deleuze and present the theoretical framework for ---

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Modern day slavery: What drives human trafficking in Europe?

Cited by 68 publications

References 57 publications

Unmasking social distant damage of developed regions’ lifestyle: A decoupling analysis of the indecent labour footprint

Unmasking social distant damage of developed regions’ lifestyle: A decoupling analysis of the indecent labour footprint

How Do Illicit Drugs Move Across Countries? A Network Analysis of the Heroin Supply to Europe

Relational geographies of human trafficking: Inequality, manoeuvring and im/mobility across space and time

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