Modern Diagnostic X-Ray Sources

Behling, Rolf

doi:10.1201/b18655

Cited by 37 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…where their kinetic energy is transferred into heat and electromagnetic radiation [102]. (A) One of the first X-ray images was acquired in 1895 on a photographic plate showing the hand of Anna Bertha Röntgen [101].…”

Section: X-ray Generation and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to reduce skin dose, the amount of X-ray used for clinical imaging is further reduced by radiation shielding and collimation of the beam as well as trimming of the X-ray energy spectrum. In the end, only a fraction of about 0.03% of the energy is used for image acquisition [102]. The power of an X-ray source can be characterized by the brightness defined as source photons (ph) per solid angle and per source area (ph mrad −2 mm −2 ).…”

Section: X-ray Generation and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This design allows for a direct contact of the anode with oil and enables high cooling rates. These designs enables a relatively high photon flux and are used as the gold standard for most clinical applications [100,102].…”

Section: Development Of Laboratory X-ray Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiscale X-ray Structural Analysis of Cardiac Cells and Tissues

Reichardt¹

2022

Göttingen Series in X-Ray Physics

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List of publications Danksagung Curriculum Vitaeday. Considering an average volume of 70 ml to 80 ml per beat, more than 7 000 liters of blood are pumped through the body each day. The synchronized contraction of the excitable cardiac tissue cells is controlled by the conduction system, which initiates an electric signal in the sinoatrial node and coordinates the propagation of the action potential through the heart. The continuous function of the heart during its entire lifetime is essential for the proper maintenance of all vital organs. Small dysfunctions or abnormalities can cause drastic changes and effects in the human organism. Therefore, it is very important to understand the cardiac structure from the molecular level up to the scale of the entire organ, as well as its function within the body.The primary aim of this thesis is to develop imaging protocols to probe the entire cy- Cardiac structure and (dys)functionCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death worldwide with a rising incidence. While CVDs were responsible for less than 10% of the deaths worldwide by the beginning of the 20th century, the number of CVD-related deaths increased to over 30% by 2016 [6-8]. This corresponds to 17.9 million global deaths due to CVDs in one year. The major share of these death (85%) is attributed to heart attacks and from the ancient Egyptians [17]. (B) Drawing of the cardiac anatomy by Aristotle [15]. (C) Sketch of the heart by Leonardo da Vinci [15]. (D) Cardiac model by Richard Lower [18]. (E) Text book figure of Henry Gray's anatomy [16]. (F) Concept of a "Triebwerk" by Ludolf Krehl [18]. (G) Jane Sands Robb's model of the heart [18]. (H) Cardiac fiber model of Alfred Benninghoff and Kurt Goerttler [18]. (I) Model of the helical ventricular band by Francisco Torrent-Guasp [18]. Anatomie des Menschen"), Xavier Bichat ("Anatomie Generale") and Henry Gray and Henry Vandyke Carter ("Grays Anatomy"). Nevertheless, due to ongoing research and new discoveries the textbooks had to be updated constantly. In October 2020, the 42th edition of "Grays Anatomy" was released. Concerning the cardiac anatomy, most of the open questions were related to the cardiac function and structural changes caused by CVDs. For example, in 1891 Ludolf Krehl introduced the idea of a circumferential Historically, the observation of the heart structure started by documenting visual impressions gained from evisceration of animals or autopsies. With progress in the manufacture of optics and the invention of the microscope in the 17th century, it was possible to investigate structures in the micrometer range [48]. During this time, Marcello Malpighi was the first who identified small capillaries in the lungs of bats and established the process of oxygen uptake [49]. This procedure, later called histology (from Greek: histos, tissue and logos, study), revealed its full potential during the 19th Recently, this invention was further developed by a combination of STED and single molecule localization microscopy such as stochastic optical...

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Section: X-ray Generation and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: X-ray Generation and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiscale X-ray Structural Analysis of Cardiac Cells and Tissues

Reichardt¹

2022

Göttingen Series in X-Ray Physics

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“…On the other hand, the standard pinhole method and others [18] may overestimate [19,20] or underestimate [20] the focal spot size, so we do not here try to correct any reported values. See [21] for a recent discussion of nominal versus actual focal spot sizes. For small, roughly rectangular focal spots, the smaller width is listed here.…”

Section: Ct Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For efforts to reduce that structure see [190]. The space charge of electrons [21,154], magnetic fields [100,191,192], as in dual CT/MRI scanners, and position along the cathode/anode axis [193] and projection direction [194,195], all alter the size and shape of focal spots. While we are assuming that the focal spot does not vary in the course of data collection for a single image, we found no proof of this in the literature.…”

Section: Modeling An X-ray Source With Its Focal Spot Width Divided Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Foxels for high flux, high resolution computed tomography (foxelct) Using broad x-ray focal spots

Alvare¹,

Gordon²

2017

Radiol Diagn Imaging

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Purpose: In general, there is a reciprocal relationship between the width and flux from an x-ray focal spot (corresponding to spatial resolution and photon noise), so that large focal spots are eschewed in computed tomography (CT) and projection and CT mammography. We wish to overcome this limitation. The goal of foxel based computed tomography (FoxelCT) is to achieve spatial resolution limited by the detector pixel size rather than the focal spot size, and therefore permit the use of much smaller detector pixels and/or larger focal spots in clinical CT. Methods:Rather than using the standard approach of treating the x-ray source as a point, we digitally represent the focal spot as an emission picture consisting of pixels we call foxels (FOcal spot piXELS). Intersections of foxel rays with reconstruction voxels are approximated using the Wu antialiasing line drawing algorithm. All foxel rays in the x-ray light field impinging on a given detector pixel are, in effect, lumped together into a single "passage" or compound ray sum. In this introductory paper noise and other effects that degrade CT are not considered allowing us to demonstrate the upper bound of improvement afforded by the geometry of foxels. The FoxelCT algorithm is a generalization of MART (Multiplicative ART). Results:We show, by simulating a fan beam body scanner configuration, that the loss in resolution versus focal spot size is much slower using foxels compared to the loss when representing the focal spot as a point source. For any given focal spot size, approximating it as a point is always worse than using foxels and furthermore introduces anatomical distortions.Conclusions: Foxels permit the use of larger focal spots and thus greater x-ray photon flux with little loss of resolution. Future scanners could take advantage of foxels to increase the ratio of focal spot size to detector pixel size, via bigger focal spots and/or smaller detector pixels. Existing scanners could be immediately enhanced in image quality via incorporation of foxels in their software. Foxels are applicable to any form of radiological imaging that uses focal spots of finite width, including multisource scanners.

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Highly Tuneable Photochromic Sodalites for Dosimetry, Security Marking and Imaging

Byron,

Swain,

Paturi

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Photochromic sodalites are considered for a plethora of possible applications, such as UV indexing and X‐ray imaging, but for many of these the materials are yet to be optimized. UV indexing can be improved through incremental adjustment of the activation energy of coloration from 300 to 410 nm through replacement of sulfur with selenium. By combining this and other methods of tuning presented in the literature, the excitation threshold and photochromism color can be tuned independently of one another. The range of possible absorption maxima is expanded to 420–680 nm, or almost the entire visible spectrum. Mixing low‐cost and easy‐to‐synthesize sodalites further broadens the possible range of colors and facilitates development of a unique sodalite mix capable of quantifying the doses of two types of UV radiation simultaneously. Finally, the response to X‐rays of these highly tuned sodalites is investigated, and it is found that they can be sensitized to produce clear, high‐contrast X‐ray images at significantly lower doses of radiation than those required by classic photochromic sodalite, Na8(AlSiO4)6(Cl,S)2.

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Modern Diagnostic X-Ray Sources

Cited by 37 publications

References 0 publications

Multiscale X-ray Structural Analysis of Cardiac Cells and Tissues

Multiscale X-ray Structural Analysis of Cardiac Cells and Tissues

Foxels for high flux, high resolution computed tomography (foxelct) Using broad x-ray focal spots

Highly Tuneable Photochromic Sodalites for Dosimetry, Security Marking and Imaging

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