Modern Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of Malignant Tumors of Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract

This review aims to systematize current achievements in the use of nanotechnology for the detection, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gastrointestinal (GI) malignant tumors. Information about the use of nanovesicles isolated from the body (exosomes) and synthesized (liposomes) for targeted delivery of drugs and imaging agents to cancer cells for this purpose is presented. A separate section of the review deals with revealing the laws of transport and interaction of nanoparticles with tumor cells to diagnose and treat GI malignant tumors. Here we present modern research to determine the effectiveness of micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and particles containing perfluorocarbon. The problems and achievements in the use of nanoparticles for targeted delivery of chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells using ultrasound are considered. The authors conclude the review with a list of the most promising areas of development in this field of molecular medicine and biotechnology, including combinations of direct cytotoxic action, immunomodulation, impact on tumor vessels (1), and combination of diagnostic component with facilitating the detection of tumor cells well-known as teranostics.