Modern Technologies of Hydrogen Production

Abstract

Transitioning to energy-saving and renewable energy sources is impossible without accelerated development of hydrogen energy and hydrogen technologies. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art and recent advances of various hydrogen production processes, including but not limited to thermochemical and electrolytic processes. Their opportunities and limitations, operating conditions, and catalysts are discussed. Nowadays, most hydrogen is still produced by steam reforming of methane, its partial oxidation, or coal gasification. Considerable attention is also paid to natural gas pyrolysis. However, hydrogen produced using these technologies has a lot of impurities and needs additional purification. A series of technologies for hydrogen purification, including its filtration through palladium alloy membranes, and membrane catalysis, allowing hydrogen production and purification in one stage, are discussed. The main way to produce carbon-free hydrogen is water electrolysis using low-cost energy from nuclear or renewable sources. Both conventional and novel methods of hydrogen storage and transportation, which are an important part of the hydrogen economy, are reviewed. Biohydrogen production technologies are also discussed. Finally, prospects for further work in this field are provided. This review will be useful to researchers and manufacturers working in this field.

A review of hydrogen production and storage materials for efficient integrated hydrogen energy systems

“…They address challenges in conventional storage methods and boost hydrogen production efficiency. 105,106 Different hydrogen production processes, including thermochemical and electrolytic methods, are explored. Methods for hydrogen purification, such as filtration through palladium alloy membranes and membrane catalysis, enable efficient production and purification.…”

“…Recent research emphasizes various aspects of hydrogen production, storage, and utilization technologies: Nanomaterials such as metallic nanoparticles, MOFs, CNTs, and graphene play a transformative role in advancing hydrogen energy. They address challenges in conventional storage methods and boost hydrogen production efficiency 105,106 …”

Recent Advances and Challenges of Hydrogen Production Technologies via Renewable Energy Sources

“…[ 14 ] By 2030, the population of the world is anticipated to reach 8 billion, and an increase in energy demand is anticipated. [ 15 ] Moreover, invasive plants and food waste are inexpensive and easily accessible for the conversion to the production of renewable energy, especially tree clippings and agricultural crop waste. [ 5,16 ] Food scraps, agrochemical, mixed plastics, pharmaceutical, municipal waste residue, and animal waste are plentiful and cheap, which are all readily available and inexpensive lignocellulosic feedstocks.…”

“…[14] By 2030, the population of the world is anticipated to reach 8 billion, and an increase in energy demand is anticipated. [15]…”

Transfer processes in porous diaphragms and ion-exchange membranes for hydrogen production in electrochemical reactor with reduced energy consumption

“…Using separated anode and cathode chambers of electrolyzers during water electrolysis allows us to avoid the oxygen and hydrogen mixing with the formation of explosive detonating gases. Currently, depending on the type of membrane used, four groups of electrolysis are distinguished [8]:…”