The global turn in the history of science enables us to account for the non-Western and transcultural origins of modern science. While the knowledge traditions of some non-Western empires have begun receiving substantial historical treatment, the Russian Empire has been little considered by historians of science and technology. This gap in the literature is particularly surprising in the case of the earth and mining sciences given Russia’s dominance in early modern Eurasian metallurgy. The aim of this chapter is to bring together two literatures—the history of Russian imperial mining and the global history of earth science and mining technology—that are not often in conversation with one another. As historians of an empire that was independent yet deeply engaged with the earth and mining sciences of a variety of Wests, Russianists offer novel approaches to the some of the shared issues facing scholars of global science history.