Modes in optical waveguides formed by silver-sodium ion exchange

Abstract

Exact solutions of the scalar wave equation for the guided modes of planar optical waveguides formed by silver-sodium ion exchange have been obtained. It has been shown that there is good agreement between the exact solution and the solution obtained by using the Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin (WKB) approximation.

Ion Exchange in Glass – The Changes of Glass Refraction

“…As mentioned before, the ion exchange phenomenon in glass substrates occurs as a result of introduction of foreign admixture ions into the glass. The used admixtures are alkaline metal ions: lithium [19], potassium [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], rubidium [30], cesium [31], and ions of heavier elements: copper [32,33], silver [6,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] and thallium [7.44]. The most common sources of these admixtures are molten nitrates.…”

“…The first component in (36) is associated with an external electric field, while the second expresses the diffusion field. Attention should be paid to the fact, that the sign of the For the vector of normalized flow of admixture ions u Φ  , the continuity equation is valid in the whole volume of the glass:…”