Modes of expression and common structural features of the complete phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in parsley.

Abstract

We describe a complete gene family encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.

Ancestral Multipartite Units in Light-Responsive Plant Promoters Have Structural Features Correlating with Specific Phototransduction Pathways

“…Similarities in promoter architecture between coordinately expressed pal and 4cl genes have been previously observed (Lois et al, 1989;Logemann et al, 1995) and were confirmed in this analysis.…”

Regulation of the Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase (CYP73A1) in Jerusalem Artichoke Tubers in Response to Wounding and Chemical Treatments

“…Light-, wounding-, or infection-promoted increases in C4H activity occur after a lag period of 1 to 3 h and are prevented by treatment with cycloheximide, puromycin, cordycepin, or actinomycin D, which indicates de novo synthesis of the enzyme resulting from gene activation (Hyodo and Yang, 1971;Tanaka et al, 1974;Durst, 1976;Rhodes et al, 1976;Benveniste et al, 1977;Lamb, 1977;Oba and Conn, 1988). Results recently obtained by RNA blot hybridization confirmed increases in steady-state levels of C4H mRNA after wounding, treatment with xenobiotics, or fungal elicitation of cell suspension cultures (Fahrendorf and Dixon, 1993;Teutsch et al, 1993;Hotze et al, 1995;Logemann et al, 1995). Our results corroborate these data and are consistent with the suggestion that enhanced transcription is primarily responsible for the induction of C4H in response to wounding and chemical inducers.…”

“…This is a surprisingly long delay compared with the lag observed in cell cultures (Hotze et al, 1995;Logemann et al, 1995) and is difficult to understand at this time. It is unlikely to reflect the time necessary for protein maturation and correct membrane targeting of the C4H inserted into the ER.…”

“…These two peaks are also observed at the level of the C4H protein and enzyme activity in the microsomes. Such a biphasic response to wounding has already been observed (Morelli et al, 1994;Logemann et al, 1995) and seems to be correlated with two distinct phases of stimulation of translational activity synchronized with the expression of two classes of wound-induced genes involved in wound healing and prevention of pathogen invasion. In tubers, an important function of these genes is the synthesis of suberin for the wound periderm.…”

“…11 3 , 1997al., 1993Werck-Reichhart et al, 1993), thus suggesting a possible regulatory effect of this glycosylation. In previous studies, increases in protein or steady-state mRNA concomitant with enzymatic activity have been reported (Fahrendorf and Dixon, 1993;Teutsch et al, 1993;WerckReichhart et al, 1993;Hotze et al, 1995;Logemann et al, 1995;Frank et al, 1996); however, induction of C4H activity has never been correlated with C4H protein and mRNA levels in an attempt to determine if this enzyme is subject to posttranscriptional regulation. This paper describes the effects of wounding and of different chemical effectors, including those triggering gene activation and important signal transduction pathways in animals or bacteria (e.g.…”