Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for the Development of Non-Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer

Bułdak, Łukasz

doi:10.3390/medicina58080978

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…Despite the most frequent risk factors for pancreatic carcinogeneses, such as chronic alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, as well as aging and obesity, HBV constitutes another risk factor for PAC development. The interplay between HBV infection and PAC was considered controversial for many decades; however, based on meta-analytic studies, it has been proved that the risk of PAC is increased in patients with HBV infection [ 59 , 60 , 61 ]. The pathogenetic mechanism between HBV infection and PAC is not yet specified.…”

Section: Hepatitis B Virus (Hbv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this issue is controversial as other studies do not demonstrate the above phenomena. Similarly, the risk of developing PAC is also increased for HCV patients, especially if they have a history of tobacco consumption [ 61 ]. In both of the above digestive system cancers, even after seroclearance, the risk of carcinogenesis remains high.…”

Section: Hepatitis C Virus (Hcv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapeutic Management in Virus-Associated Digestive System Tumors

Sarantis

Trifylli

Koustas

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The development of cancer is a multifactorial phenomenon, while it constitutes a major global health problem. Viruses are an important factor that is involved in tumorigenesis and is associated with 12.1% of all cancer cases. Major examples of oncogenic viruses which are closely associated with the digestive system are HBV, HCV, EBV, HPV, JCV, and CMV. EBV, HPV, JCV, and CMV directly cause oncogenesis by expressing oncogenic proteins that are encoded in their genome. In contrast, HBV and HCV are correlated indirectly with carcinogenesis by causing chronic inflammation in the infected organs. In addition, the tumor microenvironment contains various immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, as well as several growth factors, cytokines, and other tumor-secreted molecules that play a key role in tumor growth, progression, and migration, while they are closely interrelated with the virus. The presence of T-regulatory and B-regulatory cells in the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the anti-tumor immune reaction. The tumor immune microenvironments differ in each type of cancer and depend on viral infection. The alterations in the immune microenvironment caused by viruses are also reflected in the effectiveness of immunotherapy. The present review aims at shedding light on the association between viruses and digestive system malignancies, the characteristics of the tumor immune microenvironment that develop, and the possible treatments that can be administered.

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Section: Hepatitis B Virus (Hbv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hepatitis C Virus (Hcv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapeutic Management in Virus-Associated Digestive System Tumors

Sarantis

Trifylli

Koustas

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…Smoking is often considered the most harmful risk factor for PC. Due to the prevalence of smoking and the strength of the association with PC, smoking is likely to explain some of the international variations and sex differences [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and pancreatic cancer: a sex-specific analysis in the Multiethnic Cohort study

Gram

Park

Wilkens

et al. 2022

Cancer Causes Control

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Purpose To examine whether the detrimental smoking-related association with pancreatic cancer (PC) is the same for women as for men. Methods We analyzed data from 192,035 participants aged 45–75 years, enrolled in the Multiethnic Cohort study (MEC) in 1993–1996. We identified PC cases via linkage to the Hawaii and California Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program cancer registries through December 2017. Results During a mean follow-up of 19.2 years, we identified 1,936 incident PC cases. Women smokers smoked on average less than men smokers. In multivariate Cox regression models, as compared with sex-specific never smokers, current smokers had a similar elevated risk of PC for women, hazard ratio (HR) 1.49 (95% CI 1.24, 1.79) and as for men, HR 1.48 (95% CI 1.22, 1.79) (pheterogeneity: 0.79). Former smokers showed a decrease in risk of PC for men within 5 years, HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.57, 0.97) and for women within 10 years after quitting, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.50, 0.96), compared with their sex-specific current smokers. Both sexes showed a consistent, strong, positive dose–response association with PC for the four measures (age at initiation, duration, number of cigarettes per day, number of pack-years) of smoking exposure among current smokers and an inverse association for years of quitting and age at smoking cessation among former smokers (all ptrend’s < 0.001). Conclusion Although MEC women smoke on average less than their men counterparts, the smoking-related increase in PC risk and the benefits of cessation seem to be of similar magnitudes for women as for men.

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“…The incidence of pancreatic cancer increases with advancing age and is slightly more common among the female gender 3 . The cause of pancreatic cancer is still unknown, however, some risk factors have been identified in the past few decades such as; age, gender, race, alcohol, smoking, obesity, family history, and diabetes 4 . It has dreadful prognostic statistics with a 5-year survival rate ranging from 2% to 9% 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of Whipple Procedure for Pancreatic Cancer: Initial Experience From a Public-Sector Hospital of Pakistan

Haider¹,

Jabeen²,

Raza³

et al. 2022

JMS

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Objectives: The objective of this study was to review the outcomes of PD at our institution. Material and methods: From 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2019, patients who underwent PD for pancreatic cancer at Dr. Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi complying with the criteria were chosen for this retrospective cross-sectional study utilizing convenient sampling. Ages, gender, site of the disease, histopathology, operative findings, pancreatic reconstruction techniques, postoperative complications including SSI, intra-abdominal collections, chyle leaks, anastomotic leaks, and their management and 30-day mortality were recorded and analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients was 57±13.62 years. The male-to-female ratio was 2.1:1. Jaundice was the most common symptom patients encountered. Surgical site infection (SSI) was the leading postoperative complication. Metastasis to distant sites or locoregional recurrence evolved in 32.7% of patients. The 30-day mortality after surgery was 17.07%. 27 patients (65.9%) of the patients are alive and disease free and 14 patients (34.1%) expired due to recurrence. Conclusion: Pancreaticoduodenectomy is a complex procedure. However, with recent advancements, it has evolved into a safer procedure with significantly better surgical outcomes. Large-scale studies for identifying factors priming in poor outcomes along with stage-based and age-based comparisons are recommended. Keywords: Whipple procedure, Pancreatogastrostomy, Pancreatojejunostomy, outcome, Survival

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Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for the Development of Non-Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer

Cited by 17 publications

References 148 publications

Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapeutic Management in Virus-Associated Digestive System Tumors

Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapeutic Management in Virus-Associated Digestive System Tumors

Smoking and pancreatic cancer: a sex-specific analysis in the Multiethnic Cohort study

Outcomes of Whipple Procedure for Pancreatic Cancer: Initial Experience From a Public-Sector Hospital of Pakistan

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