Modifiable risk‐attributable and age‐related burden of lung cancer in China, 1990–2019

Abstract

BackgroundThere were limited studies on the quantification of the modifiable and nonmodifiable lung cancer burden over time in China. Furthermore, the potential effect of risk factor reduction for lung cancer on gains in life expectancy (LE) remains unknown.MethodsThis study explored temporal trends in lung cancer deaths and disability‐adjusted life years (DALY) attributable to modifiable risk factors from 1990 to 2019, based on the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. The abridged period life table method was used to quantify the effect of risk factors on LE. The authors used the decomposition approach to estimate contributions of aging metrics to change in the lung cancer burden.ResultsNationally, the majority of lung cancer deaths and DALYs were attributable to behavioral and environmental risk clusters. Potential gains in life expectancy (PGLE) at birth would be 0.78 years for males and 0.35 years for females if the exposure to risk factors was mitigated to the theoretical minimum level. Tobacco use had the most robust impact on LE for both sexes (PGLE: 0.71 years for males and 0.19 years for females). From 1990 to 2019, risk‐attributable age‐standardized death and DALY rates of lung cancer showed an increasing trend in both sexes; adult population growth imposed 245.9 thousand deaths and 6.2 million DALYs for lung cancer.ConclusionsThe modifiable risk‐attributable lung cancer burden remains high in China. Effective tobacco control is the critical step toward addressing the lung cancer burden. Adult population growth was the foremost driver of transition in the age‐related lung cancer burden.Plain Language Summary We estimate the lung cancer burden attributable to modifiable and nonmodifiable contributors and the effect of risk factor reduction for lung cancer on the life expectancy in China. The findings suggest that the majority of lung cancer deaths and disability‐adjusted life years were attributable to behavioral risk clusters, and the risk‐attributable lung cancer burden increased nationally from 1990 to 2019. The average gains in life expectancy would be 0.78 years for males and 0.35 years for females if the exposure to risk factors for lung cancer was reduced to the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. Adult population growth was identified as the foremost driver of variation in the aging lung cancer burden.

The prognostic value and model construction of inflammatory markers for patients with non-small cell lung cancer

“…In addition to inflammatory markers, age, tumor stage, smoking history, and BMI were also identified as risk factors for survival prognosis in NSCLC patients, which is consistent with previous research findings. From 1990 to 2019, the incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer among urban and rural residents in China increased with age, imposing significant health and economic burdens on elderly lung cancer patients and society 30 . Tumor stage remains the most reliable prognostic factor for OS.…”