Modifiable Risk Factors for West Nile Virus Infection during an Outbreak—Arizona, 2010

Gibney, Katherine B; Colborn, James; Baty, Steven; Bunko, Andrean; Sylvester, Tammy; Briggs, Graham; Stewart, Tasha; Levy, Craig; Komatsu, Ken; MacMillan, Katherine; Delorey, Mark J.; Mutebi, John-Paul; Fischer, Marc; Staples, J. Erin

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0502

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This finding contradicts studies in Arizona which indicated that those who did not attend school were more at risk of the disease than those who attended school 11 . This is not surprising as literacy is generally a symbol of improved socioeconomic status leading to increased chances of access to medical care resulting in reduced chances of exposure to the disease 29 .…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 88%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus specific IgG and IgM antibodies in North-Western and Western provinces of Zambia

Mweene-Ndumba¹,

Siziya²,

Monze³

et al. 2015

Afr H. Sci.

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Background: West Nile Virus (WNV) infection has been reported worldwide, including in Africa but its existence in Zambia is unknown. Symptoms for the virus include headache, myalgia, arthralgia and rash. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of WNV and its correlates. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in North-Western and Western provinces of Zambia. Samples were subjected to IgG and IgM antibodies testing against WNV. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine magnitudes of association. Conclusion: Spraying houses with insecticide residual spray would minimize mosquito-man contact. Furthermore, surveillance at the border with Angola should be enhanced in order to reduce importation of the virus into the country.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 88%

“…Most of the infections are usually asymptomatic but those who show symptoms come down with headaches, myalgia, arthralgia and rash. Currently no treatment exists for arboviral diseases and there are no licensed vaccines for humans, therefore preventive measures against infection with WNV are encouraged [9][10][11] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus specific IgG and IgM antibodies in North-Western and Western provinces of Zambia

Mweene-Ndumba¹,

Siziya²,

Monze³

et al. 2015

Afr H. Sci.

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“…57 Others have documented the impact of human behavior and interventions on WNV incidence patterns such as mosquito control, neglected swimming pools that provide mosquito breeding habitat, or having water-holding containers in the backyard. [58][59][60] Similarly, the use of personal protection such as repellent is influenced by individual risk perception and may vary from year to year depending on media coverage and public health messaging. We have shown that using only annual temperature we can create a model that identifies higher than normal WNV disease incidence in a county with "fair" accuracy.…”

Section: 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

Meteorological Conditions Associated with Increased Incidence of West Nile Virus Disease in the United States, 2004–2012

Hahn¹,

Monaghan²,

Hayden³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. West Nile virus (WNV) is a leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the United States. Annual seasonal outbreaks vary in size and location. Predicting where and when higher than normal WNV transmission will occur can help direct limited public health resources. We developed models for the contiguous United States to identify meteorological anomalies associated with above average incidence of WNV neuroinvasive disease from 2004 to 2012. We used county-level WNV data reported to ArboNET and meteorological data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System. As a result of geographic differences in WNV transmission, we divided the United States into East and West, and 10 climate regions. Above average annual temperature was associated with increased likelihood of higher than normal WNV disease incidence, nationally and in most regions. Lower than average annual total precipitation was associated with higher disease incidence in the eastern United States, but the opposite was true in most western regions. Although multiple factors influence WNV transmission, these findings show that anomalies in temperature and precipitation are associated with above average WNV disease incidence. Readily accessible meteorological data may be used to develop predictive models to forecast geographic areas with elevated WNV disease risk before the coming season.

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“…However, a case-control study conducted in the East Valley concurrently with our study identified three environmental or behavioral risk factors for WNV infection: the presence of water-holding containers around the residence, not working or attending school outside the home, and residence in an area served by irrigation. 2 This study also identified proximity to a neglected swimming pool as a risk factor by univariate analysis, but not by multivariate analysis. Neglected pools can serve as larval habitats capable of producing large numbers of both Cx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…On July 21, the Maricopa County Department of Public Health and the Arizona Department of Health Services requested assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the outbreak investigation. The CDC response consisted of two components, 1) an epidemiologic component to assist the Maricopa County Department of Public Health with case finding and follow-up, and to conduct a case-control study to identify modifiable risk factors for WNV infection; 2 and 2) an entomologic/ecologic component to conduct investigations in the outbreak focus, and in a demographically similar control area having little or no documented WNV activity, and also to collaborate with the epidemiologic team assessing casepatient and control-subject residences for environmental risk factors of infection. In this report, we present the results of the entomologic investigations, specifically a comparison of entomologic parameters within and outside the outbreak area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomologic Investigations during an Outbreak of West Nile Virus Disease in Maricopa County, Arizona, 2010

Godsey

Burkhalter²,

Young³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Entomologic investigations were conducted during an intense outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) disease in Maricopa County, Arizona during July 31-August 9, 2010. The investigations compared the East Valley outbreak area, and a demographically similar control area in northwestern metropolitan Phoenix where no human cases were reported. Five mosquito species were identified in each area, and species composition was similar in both areas. Significantly more Culex quinquefasciatus females were collected by gravid traps at Outbreak sites (22.2 per trap night) than at control sites (8.9 per trap night), indicating higher Cx. quinquefasciatus abundance in the outbreak area. Twenty-eight WNV TaqMan reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-positive mosquito pools were identified, including 24 of Cx. quinquefasciatus, 3 of Psorophora columbiae, and 1 of Culex sp. However, Cx. quinquefasciatus WNV infection rates did not differ between outbreak and control sites. At outbreak sites, 30 of 39 engorged Cx. quinquefasciatus had fed on birds, 8 of 39 on humans, and 1 of 39 on a lizard. At control sites, 20 of 20 identified blood meals were from birds. Data suggest that Cx. quinquefasciatus was the primary enzootic and epidemic vector of this outbreak. The most important parameters in the outbreak were vector abundance and blood meal analysis, which suggested more frequent contact between Cx. quinquefasciatus and human hosts in the outbreak area compared with the control area.

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Modifiable Risk Factors for West Nile Virus Infection during an Outbreak—Arizona, 2010

Cited by 24 publications

References 29 publications

Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus specific IgG and IgM antibodies in North-Western and Western provinces of Zambia

Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus specific IgG and IgM antibodies in North-Western and Western provinces of Zambia

Meteorological Conditions Associated with Increased Incidence of West Nile Virus Disease in the United States, 2004–2012

Entomologic Investigations during an Outbreak of West Nile Virus Disease in Maricopa County, Arizona, 2010

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