Modification of Alkali Lignin with Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Diglycidyl Ether to Be Used as a Thickener in Bio-Lubricant Formulations

Cortés-Triviño, E.; Valencia, C.; Delgado, Miguel; Franco, J.M.

doi:10.3390/polym10060670

Cited by 31 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…For confidentiality reasons, we are not able to give information on the percentage of each thickener in Fuchs greases. More details regarding the biogenic grease samples from Pro2TecS can be found elsewhere [35,36]. The compositions of all the biogenic grease samples are depicted in Table 2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological Investigation on the Friction and Wear Behaviors of Biogenic Lubricating Greases in Steel–Steel Contact

et al. 2020

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The applications of biogenic lubricating greases to machine elements play important roles in the reduction of friction energy and minimizing wear in a tribological contact, as well as the prevention of environmental pollution. The aim of this work was to investigate completely biogenic lubricating greases from a tribological point of view. Model greases were examined using a ball on a disc tribometer at a constant normal force to investigate the friction and wear process according to Fleischer’s energetic wear model. Using the energy-based wear model, the friction and wear process could be interpreted as a cause–effect sequence. Moreover, the influence of the model grease composition on the friction and wear process was analyzed. In addition, rolling bearing tests were performed to investigate the tribological behaviors of some selected biogenic greases during real machine element contact. These tests allowed for the quantification of the friction torque behavior of the full bearing and the evaluation of the wear obtained through lubricant analysis procedures. This experimental work provides useful information regarding the influence that the composition of biogenic model greases has on friction and wear behaviors in a tribological contact.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological Investigation on the Friction and Wear Behaviors of Biogenic Lubricating Greases in Steel–Steel Contact

et al. 2020

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“…This suggests that high phenolic hydroxyl contents in lignin play an essential role in developing these properties. Cortés-Triviño et al (2018) grafted lignin with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) for application as a thickener in bio-lubricant formulations. The epoxidation process was carried out by suspending kraft lignin (10 g) in 20 wt% NaOH with different amounts of PEGDE at 30 °C for 3 h. The product was obtained by filtration and washing with distilled water.…”

Section: Epoxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin functionalization strategies and the potential applications of its derivatives – A Review

Suota

Kochepka

Moura

et al. 2021

BioRes

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Lignin is one of the most important and widespread carbon sources on Earth. Significant amounts of lignin are delivered to the market by pulp mills and biorefineries, and there have been many efforts to develop routes for its valorization. Over the years, lignin has been used to produce biobased chemicals, materials, and advanced biofuels on the basis of its variable functionalities and physicochemical properties. Today, lignin’s applications are still limited by its heterogeneity, variability, and low reactivity. Thus, modification technologies have been developed to allow lignin to be suitable for a wider range of attractive industrial applications. The most common modifications used for this purpose include amination, methylation, demethylation, phenolation, sulfomethylation, oxyalkylation, acylation or esterification, epoxidation, phosphorylation, nitration, and sulfonation. This article reviews the chemistry involved in these lignin modification technologies, discussing their effect on the finished product while presenting some market perspectives and future outlook to utilize lignin in sustainable biorefineries.

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“…However, using epichlorohydrin has some disadvantages, such as toxicity and limited rheological characteristics associated with the gel-like dispersion. 129,130 Epoxy resins produced by lignin usually have low thermal stability and T g value over the mercantile ones (i.e., a synthetic bisphenol A). In this regard, the limited number of epoxy rings in lignin prevents the generation of dense crosslinks in cured epoxy systems.…”

Section: Epoxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grafting strategies for hydroxy groups of lignin for producing materials

2019

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Lignin is one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth and is considered as the primary resource of aromatic compounds. Recently, lignin has attracted attention from scientists and industrialists due to its inherent potential arising from its unique structure, which leads to its possible use in many applications.Many efforts have been made to ameliorate the reactivity and compatibility of lignin in different areas. Although methods have been proposed for endowing lignin with different properties, there continues to be a considerable demand for discovering new and effective ways of unraveling the beneficial uses of this aromatic polymer. Considering the structure of lignin, different grafting modifications can occur on the aliphatic and/or aromatic groups of lignin. To date, there has been a lack of fundamental understanding of the modification pathways of lignin for generating lignin-based products. In this review paper, we discuss comprehensively the chemical reactions that were introduced in the literature for preparing lignin with different features via modifying its phenolic and aliphatic hydroxy groups for altered uses. This review paper critically and comprehensively elaborates on the recent progress in lignin reactions as well as the challenges, advantages and disadvantages associated with the reaction procedures and the product development processes. Furthermore, the research gap in reaction strategies and product development are described throughout this study.

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Modification of Alkali Lignin with Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Diglycidyl Ether to Be Used as a Thickener in Bio-Lubricant Formulations

Cited by 31 publications

References 39 publications

Tribological Investigation on the Friction and Wear Behaviors of Biogenic Lubricating Greases in Steel–Steel Contact

Tribological Investigation on the Friction and Wear Behaviors of Biogenic Lubricating Greases in Steel–Steel Contact

Lignin functionalization strategies and the potential applications of its derivatives – A Review

Grafting strategies for hydroxy groups of lignin for producing materials

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