“…As observed in Figure a, the photodiodes possess a good rectification behavior (RR) of 86 and 55 for Alq 3 /p-Si and Alq 3 :Y 2 O 3 /p-Si, respectively. According to the TE theory, the current of the metal-semiconductor junction depends on both the voltage and temperature from the relation I = I normals 0.25em exp ( q false( V − italicIR false) nKT ) [ 1 − exp true( prefix− q ( V − IR s ) italicKT true) ] The reverse saturation current I s is given by I normals = italicAA * T 2 0.25em exp ( − q ϕ b kT ) Here, V , q , K , A , A *, and T are the applied voltage, electronic charge (1.6 × 10 –19 C), Boltzmann constant (1.38 × 10 –23 J K –1 ), effective rectifying area, Richardson’s constant (32 A cm –2 K –2 ) for p-type silicon, and the absolute temperature (300 Kelvin), respectively. , At low voltage, I s was calculated to have very low values, suggesting a little leakage current. The saturation current values were used to determine the barrier height ϕ b from the following equation ϕ normalb = italickT q 0.25em ln ( AA * T 2 I …”