Modification of immune function through exposure to dietary aflatoxin in Gambian children.

Turner, Paul C.; Moore, Sophie E.; Hall, Andrew J.; Prentice, Andrew M.; Wild, Christopher P.

doi:10.1289/ehp.5753

Cited by 403 publications

(294 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Highly significant associations between AFB-Lys adduct level and dietary AFB 1 exposure have been found in human populations from several regions of the world. In addition, AFB-Lys adduct has been used as a biological response indicator of acute and chronic human diseases, such as aflatoxicosis in Africa, risks of HCC in Taiwan, China and Africa, and infectious disease-linked immune suppression (Wang et al 1996(Wang et al , 1998Wang, Huang, et al 2001;Turner et al 2003;Azziz-Baumgartner et al 2005;Lewis et al 2005). Moreover, the AFB-Lys adduct has been used as the primary biomarker to assess the efficacy of several human chemoprevention and intervention trials ;W i l d&H a l l2000; Wang, Abubaker, et al 2001;W angetal.2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

Kang

Nkurunziza

Muwanika

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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akes every effort t o ensure t he accuracy of all t he inform at ion ( t he " Cont ent " ) cont ained in t he publicat ions on our plat form . However, Taylor & Francis, our agent s, and our licensors m ake no represent at ions or warrant ies what soever as t o t he accuracy, com plet eness, or suit abilit y for any purpose of t he Cont ent . Any opinions and views expressed in t his publicat ion are t he opinions and views of t he aut hors, and are not t he views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of t he Cont ent should not be relied upon and should be independent ly verified wit h prim ary sources of inform at ion. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, act ions, claim s, proceedings, dem ands, cost s, expenses, dam ages, and ot her liabilit ies what soever or howsoever caused arising direct ly or indirect ly in connect ion wit h, in relat ion t o or arising out of t he use of t he Cont ent . This art icle m ay be used for research, t eaching, and privat e st udy purposes. Any subst ant ial or syst em at ic reproduct ion, redist ribut ion, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, syst em at ic supply, or dist ribut ion in any form t o anyone is expressly forbidden. Term s & Condit ions of access and use can be found at ht t p: / / www.t andfonline.com / page/ t erm s-and-condit ions Aflatoxins (AF) are a group of mycotoxins. AF exposure causes acute and chronic adverse health effects such as aflatoxicosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in human populations, especially in the developing world. In this study, AF exposure was evaluated using archived serum samples from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative participants from two cohort studies in south-western Uganda. AFB 1 -lysine (AFB-Lys) adduct levels were determined via HPLC fluorescence in a total of 713 serum samples from the General Population Cohort (GPC), covering eight time periods between 1989 and 2010. Overall, 90% (642/713) of the samples were positive for AFB-Lys and the median level was 1.58 pg mg −1 albumin (range = 0.40-168 pg mg −1 albumin). AFB-Lys adduct levels were also measured in a total of 374 serum samples from the Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS), across four time periods between 1999 and 2003. The averaged detection rate was 92.5% (346/374) and the median level was 1.18 pg mg −1 albumin (range = 0.40-122.5 pg mg −1 albumin). In the GPC study there were no statistically significant differences between demographic parameters, such as age, sex and level of education, and levels of serum AFB-Lys adduct. In the RCCS study, longitudinal analysis using generalised estimating equations revealed significant differences between the adduct levels and residential areas (p = 0.05) and occupations (p = 0.02). This study indicates that AF exposure in people in two populations in south-western Uganda is persistent and has not significantly changed over time. Data from one study, but not the other, indicated that agriculture workers and rural area residents had more AF exposure than those non-agricultural workers and non...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

Kang

Nkurunziza

Muwanika

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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“…Studies in Gambia and Ghana, also in West Africa, have begun to elucidate the role of aflatoxin in immune suppression in human populations. Aflatoxin exposure was associated with reduced levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in Gambian children (Turner et al 2003). Changes in differential subset distributions and functional alterations of specific lymphocyte subsets have been correlated with aflatoxin exposure in Ghanaian adults and indicate that aflatoxins could cause impairment of human cellular immunity that could decrease resistance to infections (Jiang et al 2005).…”

Section: Emerging Effects On Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of mycotoxins on human health in developing countries

Shephard

2008

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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167

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Adverse human health effects from the consumption of mycotoxins have occurred for many centuries. Although mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products still occurs in the developed world, the application of modern agricultural practices and the presence of a legislatively regulated food processing and marketing system have greatly reduced mycotoxin exposure in these populations. At the mycotoxin contamination levels generally found in food products traded in these market economies, adverse human health effects have largely been overcome. However, in the developing world, where climatic and crop storage conditions are frequently conducive to fungal growth and mycotoxin production, much of the population relies on subsistence farming or on unregulated local markets. The extent to which mycotoxins affect human health is difficult to investigate in countries whose health systems lack capacity and in which resources are limited. Aflatoxin B 1 , the toxin on which major resources have been expended, has long been linked to liver cancer, yet its other effects, such as immune suppression and growth faltering previously observed in veterinary studies, are only now being investigated and characterized in human populations. The extent to which factors such as immune suppression contribute to the overall burden of infectious disease is difficult to quantify, but is undoubtedly significant. Thus, food safety remains an important opportunity for addressing current health problems in developing countries.

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“…In recent years, hundreds of aflatoxicosis cases in Africa have been linked to consuming aflatoxin-laden maize (Lewis et al, 2005). Aflatoxin exposure is also associated with immunotoxicity in humans (Jolly et al, 2006;Turner et al, 2003;Williams et al, 2004), and with stunted growth in children caused by intestinal damage (Gong et al, 2008). In many animal species, aflatoxin B 1 has induced liver tumours and has been associated with immunotoxicity, reduced weight gain and productivity, and lower egg production and eggshell quality in poultry (Bondy and Pestka, 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Climate change impacts on mycotoxin risks in US maize

Bhatnagar

Bui-Klimke

et al. 2011

WMJ

146

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To ensure future food security, it is crucial to understand how potential climate change scenarios will affect agriculture. One key area of interest is how climatic factors, both in the near- and the long-term future, could affect fungal infection of crops and mycotoxin production by these fungi. The objective of this paper is to review the potential impact of climate change on three important mycotoxins that contaminate maize in the United States, and to highlight key research questions and approaches for understanding this impact. Recent climate change analyses that pertain to agriculture and in particular to mycotoxigenic fungi are discussed, with respect to the climatic factors – temperature and relative humidity – at which they thrive and cause severe damage. Additionally, we discuss how climate change will likely alter the life cycles and geographic distribution of insects that are known to facilitate fungal infection of crops.

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Modification of immune function through exposure to dietary aflatoxin in Gambian children.

Cited by 403 publications

References 23 publications

Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

Impact of mycotoxins on human health in developing countries

Climate change impacts on mycotoxin risks in US maize

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