Modification of Lackmann’s classification of facial bite wounds: an aid to assessment and recording

Williams, J V; Magennis, Patrick; Graham, Aidan

doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.09.014

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Modified Lackmann’s classification was employed to stratify injury severity and ensure ease of comparison to other available studies. 8 The authors propose one further change to the classification system, however, which would be the inclusion of Type Ib: superficial injury without muscle involvement, but with evidence of tissue defect. This was particularly relevant in injuries to the lip as often muscle or oral mucosa was not involved but avulsion of tissue occurred.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Injuries in this study were grouped according to Modified Lackmann classification of bite wounds to the face: 8 type I – superficial injury without muscle involvement, type IIA – deep injury with muscle involvement, type IIB – full thickness injury of cheek/lip with oral mucosal involvement (through-and-through wound), type IIIA – deep injury with tissue defect (complete avulsion), type IIIB – deep avulsive injury exposing nasal or auricular cartilage, type IVA – deep injury with severed facial nerve or parotid duct and type IVB – deep injury with concomitant bony fracture.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The K9-Teen Pandemic: When Good Boy Goes Bad. The Epidemiology, Management and Public Health Ramifications of Facial Dog Bite Injuries: Newcastle, Australia, Experience

Kelly

Hoffman

2023

Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology, pattern of injury and management of facial dog bite injuries. Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study over a 5-year period of patients who sustained a facial dog bite injury. The study setting was an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at a level 1 trauma centre, servicing an estimated catchment population in excess of 950,000 people. Results: In total, 171 patients were managed in the designated period from January 2017 to January 2022. The median age was 9 years (range 11 months to 77 years), with the highest incidence of a single age 4 years. The frequency was slightly greater amongst males (n = 93) than females (n = 78). The most common responsible breed were Pitbull types (n = 26). Overall, bites most often resulted from the family dog (n = 87), in the victim’s own home (n = 84) and whilst playing with the dog (n = 64). The primary sites involved were the lips (n = 70), cheek (n = 53) and nose, representing the so called ‘target area’. In 53 cases, the injuries were classified as severe. 138 patients required hospital admission, and of these, 130 required surgical management under general anaesthesia. Conclusions: Facial dog bite injuries present a significant burden on the healthcare system and result in physical, functional and/or emotional distress for the patient. As the rates of dog ownership continue to rise, a consequential increase in these injuries is also likely. Further, public health intervention is essential, particularly as the most susceptible demographic remains young male children.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The K9-Teen Pandemic: When Good Boy Goes Bad. The Epidemiology, Management and Public Health Ramifications of Facial Dog Bite Injuries: Newcastle, Australia, Experience

Kelly

Hoffman

2023

Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Relevant patient history was obtained and clinical examination was done and the wounds were classified according to modified Lackmann's classification 3 ( Table 1 ). Tetanus toxoid was administered according to the vaccination protocol.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanism of dog bite injury involves an initial bite with a puncture-type wound with pulling force by a dog, and the reflex mechanism of the victim to get away from the animal acts synergistically, leading to the tearing of the soft tissue calling this “hole and tear” effect. 3 Some degree of crush injury also occurs due to the dynamics of the bite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Retrospective Observational Study of Facial Dog Bite Injuries and Its Management in a Tertiary Care Center

Sreeramaraju,

Babu,

Sharma

et al. 2023

Indian J Plast Surg

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Facial dog bite injuries result in significant emotional, psychological, and physical trauma to the victims involved and should be considered a significant health issue. The purpose of this study is to share our experience in the management and to add to the existing medical literature regarding the epidemiological patterns of facial dog bite injuries. Materials and Methods: This is a single-center retrospective observational study conducted at Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi, from January 2021 to January 2022. A total of 105 patients were included. The wounds were managed according to the recommendations made by the national rabies control program and surgical intervention was performed in the form of primary suturing or flap cover. Results: Children of age group 0 to 10 years are most commonly affected. Pet dogs are the cause in 61% of cases and 57.1% of bites were provoked. Midface is most commonly affected and modified Lackmann's class 3A and 3B are the most common wounds. Conclusion: In view of raising incidence of dog bites with pet dogs, the general public needs to be educated regarding the practices to prevent these injuries. Postexposure prophylaxis should be given to all affected individuals irrespective of the vaccination status of the dog. Immediate surgical intervention gives better results.

show abstract

Modification of Lackmann’s classification of facial bite wounds: an aid to assessment and recording

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

The K9-Teen Pandemic: When Good Boy Goes Bad. The Epidemiology, Management and Public Health Ramifications of Facial Dog Bite Injuries: Newcastle, Australia, Experience

The K9-Teen Pandemic: When Good Boy Goes Bad. The Epidemiology, Management and Public Health Ramifications of Facial Dog Bite Injuries: Newcastle, Australia, Experience

A Retrospective Observational Study of Facial Dog Bite Injuries and Its Management in a Tertiary Care Center

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About