Modification of palladium–copper thin film by reduced graphene oxide or platinum as catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura reactions

Abstract

This study describes the synthesis of PdCu, PdCu/reduced graphene oxide and PtPdCu nanoparticle thin films via a simple reduction of organometallic precursors including [PtCl 2 (cod)] and [PdCl 2 (cod)] (cod = cis,cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene) complexes, in the presence of [Cu(acac) 2 ] (acac = acetylacetonate) complex at toluene-water interface. The structure and morphology of the thin films were characterized using energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Our studies show that all of these nanoparticles are suitable for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) reaction in water. PtPdCu and PdCu thin films showed higher catalytic activity compared to Pd thin film in the SMC reaction due to the appropriate interaction among palladium, platinum and copper metals.

Formation of PdNiZn thin film at oil‐water interface: XPS study and application as Suzuki‐Miyaura catalyst

“…Also, PdNiZn/RGO ultrathin spherical NPs exhibit better catalytic activity in Suzuki‐Miyaura reaction even than PdNiZn due to the small particle size (3 nm), large surface‐to‐volume ratio and presence of RGO with its large specific surface area. Accelerating the oxidative‐addition and reductive‐elimination steps by using trimetallic catalysts: In general, three steps are present in the catalytic cycle of each Suzuki‐Miyaura C‐C coupling reaction: (1) oxidative addition, (2) transmetallation and (3) reductive elimination (Scheme 5). From Table , it is obvious that the oxidative addition of the Pd‐based catalysts into a carbon‐halogen bond occurs in the order I > Br >> Cl, which is due to the carbon‐halogen bond strength. Another important fact is that electron‐withdrawing groups on the aryl halide structure enhance the reactivity compared to electron‐donating groups.…”

“…Furthermore, high‐cost and scarcity of Pd encourage the researchers to replace Pd partially or completely with low‐costing metals. Several recent investigations evidenced the importance of bimetallic NP catalysts, such as PdAu, PdNi, PdZn and PdCu as effective catalysts for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction . Among the Pd alloy catalysts, alloys with lower metal costs and abundantly available metals (Ni and Zn) are extracted more attention.…”

Effect of addition of iron on morphology and catalytic activity of PdCu nanoalloy thin film as catalyst in Sonogashira coupling reaction

“…The crystal structure and composition of the PdCu/RGO‌ and PdCuFe/RGO thin films were confirmed using XRD. In the XRD pattern of PdCu/RGO thin film (Figure a), five main diffraction peaks at 2 θ = 40.2°, 47°, 67°, 82.6° and 87° can be assigned as the (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222) planes corresponding to the face‐centred cubic Pd structure .…”

“…Minor changes in their preparation conditions can affect the activity, selectivity and lifetime of these catalysts. Palladium catalysts can be stabilized on the supports using various methods such as wet or dry impregnation, deposition–precipitation, deposition–reduction, ion exchange methods, sol–gel processes and liquid–liquid interface self‐assembly …”

“…These structures exhibit a wide variety of applications especially in catalysis . Previously, some platinum‐ and palladium‐based nanostructures were synthesized at a liquid–liquid interface from organometallic precursors and their applications were investigated in p ‐nitrophenol reduction reaction, methanol oxidation in fuel cells and Suzuki–Miyaura reactions …”