Modification of the Dispersant Corexit®9500 for Use in Freshwater

George-Ares, Anita; Lessard, Richard R.; Canevari, Gerard P.; Becker, Kenneth W.; Fiocco, Robert J.

doi:10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1209

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The temperature and salinity in the very top layer of a calm sea (a few centimeters) also varies as ice cover forms and melts; salt is expelled from ice into the water during freeze-up and low salinity water is released into the sea when the ice melts, although such discrepancies are usually eliminated with any wave action. Laboratory testing under simulated Baltic Sea conditions with low salinities concluded that different dispersants varied in their effectiveness, and similar results have been found in other studies. , Most dispersants have been formulated to be most effective at salinities above 20 ppt, and their performance is slightly reduced in brackish water, but oil spill dispersants that are effective in low salinity and fresh water can be readily formulated, if required.…”

Section: Dispersant Effectiveness On Spilled Oil Under Arctic Conditionssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Laboratory testing under simulated Baltic Sea conditions 95 with low salinities concluded that different dispersants varied in their effectiveness, and similar results have been found in other studies. 96,97 Most dispersants have been formulated to be most effective at salinities above 20 ppt, and their performance is slightly reduced in brackish water, but oil spill dispersants that are effective in low salinity and fresh water can be readily formulated, 98 if required.…”

Section: Dispersant Effectiveness On Spilled Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrating Dispersants in Oil Spill Response in Arctic and Other Icy Environments

Lewis¹,

Prince²

2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Future oil exploration and marine navigation may well extend into the Arctic Ocean, and government agencies and responders need to plan for accidental oil spills. We argue that dispersants should play an important role in these plans, since they have substantial logistical benefits, work effectively under Arctic conditions, and stimulate the rapid biodegradation of spilled oil. They also minimize the risk of surface slicks to birds and mammals, the stranding of oil on fragile shorelines and minimize the need for large work crews to be exposed to Arctic conditions.

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Section: Dispersant Effectiveness On Spilled Oil Under Arctic Conditionssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Dispersant Effectiveness On Spilled Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Dispersants in Oil Spill Response in Arctic and Other Icy Environments

Lewis¹,

Prince²

2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The presence of the salt ions alters the solubility of the dispersant in water and subsequently affects the dispersion effectiveness. For example, addition of calcium salt to Corexit 9500 dispersant (dispersant with maximum efficiency in marine environment) increased its effectiveness compared to that of other dispersants designed for fresh water use …”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, addition of calcium salt to Corexit 9500 dispersant (dispersant with maximum efficiency in marine environment) increased its effectiveness compared to that of other dispersants designed for fresh water use. 29 4.0. CONCLUSIONS The dispersion effectiveness of the dispersant composite particles is dependent on the solubility of the matrix material (paraffin wax) in the crude oil and the particle size of the dispersant particles.…”

Section: Dispersion Effectiveness Of Compositementioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Solid and Solubilized Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate (DOSS) on Oil Dispersion Using the Baffled Flask Test, for Crude Oil Spill Applications

Nyankson

Ober

DeCuir

et al. 2014

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The accidental release of natural crude oil into our marine waters and its subsequent effect on the environment is one of the major problems that the environmental protection agencies and coast guards of most countries worldwide have to deal with. In this study, the effectiveness on oil dispersions of a composite particle made of paraffin wax and the surfactant dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS) was compared to that of the same DOSS dissolved in a liquid solvent using the U.S. EPA’s baffled flask procedure. Solid dispersant composite particles were prepared by ultrasonically spray freezing paraffin wax and DOSS molten solution while varying the mass ratio. The amount of DOSS in the composite particle was determined by the methylene blue complexation procedure. Liquid delivery of DOSS was accomplished by dissolving the surfactant in propylene glycol (PG). The results from the study showed that the dispersion effectiveness of the DOSS–paraffin wax composite particles were dependent on particle size, the solubility of the matrix material (paraffin wax) in the crude oil, and the DOSS-to-oil ratio (DOR, mg/g). This is because the paraffin wax would have to dissolve in the crude oil to release DOSS, which is then used for the dispersion of the crude oil. At 23 mg/g DOR, which was the maximum DOR used in the study, the dispersion effectiveness of the dispersant composite particles was 60 vol % and 62.6 vol % in the heavy Texas crude (TC) and the light crude (LC) oils, respectively. The dispersion effectiveness of the solubilized DOSS on TC was significantly higher than that of the dispersant composite particles; however, at DOR of 23 mg/g, the effectiveness of the dispersant composite particles on LC was just 1.8 vol % below that of the solubilized DOSS. There was a significant increase in the dispersion effectiveness when the mixing energy was increased from 150 to 200 rpm (rpm); nevertheless, the effectiveness was almost the same at 200 and 250 rpm. Dispersion effectiveness was analyzed at different salinity environments, that is, in brackish water (1.6 and 2.8 wt % salt concentration) and saline water (3.5 wt % salt concentration). The dispersant composite particles performed better at low salinities; however, the dispersion effectiveness almost leveled off at 2.8 and 3.5 wt % salt concentrations. The results of this study show the potential of dispersant composite particles to replace solubilized dispersants in oil spill remediation in the near future and, as a result, eliminate the environmental complications associated with the use of solvents in formulating traditional liquid dispersants.

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“…However, Corexit ® 9500A and other dispersants are mainly formulated for marine spill use. While the addition of divalent salt has increased the effectiveness of Corexit ® 9500A in freshwater, dispersants remain less effective on heavy oils such as dilbit (George-Ares et al 2001). King et al (2015) found that CLB was more effectively dispersed with the addition of dispersant and mineral fines, which could control the release of toxic oil components.…”

Section: Dispersantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

15. The Comparative Toxicity of two Canadian Diluted Bitumens to Developing Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)

McDonnell¹

2018

iqurcp

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Increasing demand for diluted bitumen (dilbit) has led to the development of the Alberta oil sands industry and the expansion of current and future transcontinental pipelines. However, the growth of oil transportation has led to public concern about the effects of potential dilbit spills to aquatic ecosystems. Although the toxic effects of crude oils through exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are well characterized, little is known about the toxic effects of dilbit because of the variable proportions of diluent added to bitumen. Here we assessed the toxicity of the two most transported dilbits in Canada, Access Western Blend (AWB) and Cold Lake Blend (CLB) to developing yellow perch (Perca flavescens), a species distributed throughout North America. Embryos were exposed to dilbit until hatch, or up to 16 days, using a static daily renewal treatment regime of water accommodated fractions (WAF) and chemically-enhanced water accommodated fractions (CEWAF) of dilbit at total PAH (TPAH) concentration ranges of 0.02 to 10.7 μg/L and 0.21 to 20.4 μg/L TPAH, respectively. Results show that with increased TPAH concentration, the frequency of hatched embryos with developmental malformations increased proportionally. Expression of genes associated with phase I and II detoxification, cellular stress, and xenobiotic metabolism were altered in higher TPAH concentrations. This is the first study assessing the toxicity of both AWB and CLB dilbits on wild-sourced fish. With recent approvals of pipelines in North America, these biomarkers will assist risk assessments and monitoring of Canadian ecosystems should a pipeline spill occur.

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Modification of the Dispersant Corexit®9500 for Use in Freshwater

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Integrating Dispersants in Oil Spill Response in Arctic and Other Icy Environments

Integrating Dispersants in Oil Spill Response in Arctic and Other Icy Environments

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Solid and Solubilized Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate (DOSS) on Oil Dispersion Using the Baffled Flask Test, for Crude Oil Spill Applications

15. The Comparative Toxicity of two Canadian Diluted Bitumens to Developing Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)

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