“…In multiphase systems, variants of Equation ( A1 ) can be defined for each phase, in which many authors use a characteristic function to indicate the presence of phase [ 47 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 66 ]. Equation ( A1 ) has also been generalized to give a variety of averages in zero-, one-, two- and three-dimensional spaces and/or time [ 45 , 46 , 48 , 56 , 57 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 65 ], and used to examine the effects of multiple or time-varying averaging scales [ 48 , 54 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 68 ]. Equation ( A1 ) can be further generalized using a weighting function, here labeled w [ 33 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 58 , 59 , 61 ,…”