Modification of the Versatile Aerosol Concentration Enrichment System (VACES) for conducting inhalation exposures to semi-volatile vapor phase pollutants

Versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) operating as a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrator: development and laboratory characterization

“…Modifications and further developments of the VACES for different applications were performed by e.g. Geller et al (2005), Pakbin et al (2011), Saarikoski et al (2014), Wang et al (2013b). Several recent studies corroborated the integrity of the VACES as a particle concentrator (e.g.…”

“…Klocke et al, 2017;Ljubimova et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2018). The VACES has been also used to measure particulate matter in different locations, such as in an underground railway station (Loxham et al, 2013), in Mexico City (De Vizcaya-Ruiz et al, 2006), in California's San Joaquin valley (Plummer et al, 2012) and in the Netherlands (Steenhof et al, 2011). Studies on emissions and exhaust particles from cars and their health effects were conducted with a VACES system by Tzamkiozis et al (2010) and Gerlofs-Nijland et al (2010).…”

A semi-continuous study on the toxicity of atmospheric particles using a versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES): development and field characterization

“…gases, watersoluble ions, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cloud condensation nuclei, etc.) (Jung et al, 2010;Freney et al, 2006;Pakbin et al, 2011;Zhao et al, 2005;Dameto et al, 2019). In addition, VACES has been applied to determine the relationship between particulate matter and health effects based on exposure experiments (Klocke et al, 2017;Ljubimova et al, 2018).…”

Development of a Two-Stage Virtual Impactor System for High Concentration Enrichment of Ultrafine, PM2.5, and Coarse Particulate Matter

“…An advantage of using VACES for in-vitro exposure is the reduction in sampling time, which favors cell viability and exposure characterization (Sillanpaa et al 2008). The VACES can also be coupled with a heater, in which semivolatile particle-bound PM species are partitioned to gas phase, to be used for exposure studies separately to nonvolatile and semi-volatile components of PM (Pakbin et al 2011). In addition to its applications for health studies and PM sampling efforts, high concentrations of PM can also enhance signal-tonoise ratios of online monitors including the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) (Khlystov et al 2005) and the rapid single-particle mass spectrometer (RSMS-3) (Zhao et al 2005).…”