Modification to the composition of nanocrystalline RuO2 through reactive milling under O2

Characteristics and electrochemical performances of supercapacitors using double-walled carbon nanotube/δ-MnO2 hybrid material electrodes

“…High-surface area carbon [5][6][7], transition metal oxide [8][9][10], and conducting polymers [11,12] are the main families of electrode materials being studied for supercapacitor applications [13][14][15]. Recently, combinations of metal oxides with highly conductive carbon materials have been studied intensively.…”

Structures and Electrochemical Capacitive Properties of RuO2 Vertical Nanorods Encased in Hydrous RuO2

“…It stores charge mainly via pseudocapacitance, which arises from a potential-dependent faradaic process involving the simultaneous insertion of an electron and a proton, meanwhile reducing Ru 4+ to various oxidation states . To fully exploit its pseudocapacitance for capacitor applications, a great deal of research effort had been devoted to increase the active area of RuO 2 . − Hydrous RuO 2 (or RuO 2 · x H 2 O) has been well-known for its high electrochemical active surface area since one particle of hydrous RuO 2 is a composite of many rutile-like clusters surrounded by structural water. The intimately associated water renders the material proton conductive and reduces its electronic conductivity.…”

“…1 To fully exploit its pseudocapacitance for capacitor applications, a great deal of research effort had been devoted to increase the active area of RuO 2 . [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Hydrous RuO 2 (or RuO 2 ‚ xH 2 O) has been well-known for its high electrochemical active surface area since one particle of hydrous RuO 2 is a composite of many rutile-like clusters surrounded by structural water. The intimately associated water renders the material proton conductive and reduces its electronic conductivity.…”

Supercapacitor Electrodes from Tubes-in-Tube Carbon Nanostructures

“…1 This storage device can be used in digital telecommunication systems, uninterruptible power supplies for computers, pulse laser techniques, etc. These electrode materials include active carbons, [2][3][4] conducting polymers (such as polyacetylene, polypyrrole, and polyaniline), 5,6 oxides (such as RuO 2 and Co 3 O 4 ), [7][8][9] and their composites. Recently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been studied for electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes because of their unique properties, such as large surface area, superb chemical stability, flexibility, and high conductivity.…”