Modified Hairy Nanocrystalline Cellulose as Photobactericidal Nanofillers for Food Packaging Application

Abstract

Photobactericidal hairy nanocrystalline cellulose was developed as a bioinspired nanofiller for engineering self-disinfecting food packaging. A new version of hairy nanocellulose functionalized with a high density of primary amine group called hairy aminated nanocrystalline cellulose (ANCC) was synthesized. As a natural photosensitizer, rose bengal (RB) was then covalently linked to ANCC via an aqueous-based bioconjugation reaction, as confirmed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. The antibacterial effect of the RB–ANCC conjugate was evaluated against two major foodborne pathogens, namely Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. The RB–ANCC conjugate inactivated over 80% of both pathogens upon normal light irradiation. A remarkable photoinactivation of S. Typhimurium was achieved using RB–ANCC, whereas free RB had no effect. We then selected two materials (i.e., a cellulose-based film and a web of electrospun nanofibers) to incorporate RB–ANCC for further evaluating the antimicrobial activity and identified that the activity was due to a combination of photodynamically generated reactive oxygen species by RB and an electrostatically induced cell wall disruption by cationic ANCC. The developed RB–ANCC conjugate processed via green chemistry is regarded as a promising photobactericidal nanofiller and can be potentially used for food packaging.

A Review on Cellulose-based Materials for Biomedicine

“…Photodynamical inactivation (PDI) against bacterial using CNC [86] and hairy aminated nanocrystalline cellulose (ANCC)-based material was reported [87]. Reactive oxygen species can be generated under light via the modification of cellulose with molecules such as anthraquinone vat dyes [88], 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid [89], ketoprofen [90],…”

“…hypocrellin [91], xanthene [68], BODIPY (Dipyrrometheneboron difluoride) [81,92], chlorin-e6 [93], phthalocyanines [94,95], protoporphyrin-IX [96][97][98], and porphyrin [86,87,[99][100][101][102][103][104].…”

“…However after 60 min, PDI activity of the material against all bacteria was higher than 99% (99.9999% for S. aureus) [86]. ANCC was modified with a natural photosensitizer; Rose bengal (RB) via covalent bond (Figure 4b) [87]. RB-ANCC showed PDI over 80% for pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium under illumination using normal light irradiation.…”

“…RB-ANCC showed PDI over 80% for pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium under illumination using normal light irradiation. Interestedly, ANCC improved the PDI of free RB against S. Typhimurium [87]. Por(+)-the paper was illuminated using visible light of wavelength and power of 400-700 nm and 65 ±5 mW/cm2, respectively, for 30 min.…”

Biomimetic Biomaterials Based on Polysaccharides: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives

“…Antimicrobial surfaces indeed are of great interest for food packaging applications, as food microbial contamination poses a problem of food insecurity and economic loss, and contributes to food waste, which is another global issue. [ 44 ] Koshani and co‐workers [ 45 ] recently developed a bioinspired nanofiller composed of hairy CNCs functionalized with primary amine groups which were covalently linked to rose Bengal, a natural photosensitizer. These nanoparticles displayed bactericidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium , even when associated with carboxyl‐modified cellulose films or with webs of electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers.…”