“…In addition, except for the quasiexperiment exploration, some researchers (e.g., Azara and Nasiri, 2014;Lin and Yu, 2017;Krishnan et al, 2020;Togaibayeva et al, 2022) tried to probe learners' attitude toward these mobile-assisted technologies to explore their effectiveness, and found that most EFL learners have positive attitudes toward mobile-assisted devices. Moreover, empirical studies taking other L2s such as Turkish (Loewen et al, 2019), Spanish (Loewen et al, 2020), and German (Salomonsson, 2020) also got similar findings. All in all, the expanding body of research indicated that mobile-assisted learning was significantly positive; however, it has to be mentioned that most studies in this line of research were conducted in short periods (Xodabande and Atai, 2020), which makes it difficult to understand the long-term impacts of mobile-assisted vocabulary learning in general (Lin and Lin, 2019).…”