Modified Percutaneous Lumbar Foraminoplasty and Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: Instrument Design, Technique Notes, and 5 Years Follow-up

Abstract

Background: Conventional percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) with an “insideoutside” technique has 4.3% – 10.3% surgical failure rate, especially in central herniated discs (HDs), migrated HDs, and axillary type HDs. PELD with foraminoplasty has been used for complex HDs. Percutaneous lumbar foraminoplasty (PLF), which is performed with a trephine or bone reamer introduced over a guidewire without a protective working cannula in the original Tessys technique, can quickly cut the hypertrophied bony structure under fluoroscopic guidance, and risk injury to the exiting and traversing nerve roots. Study Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting: Hospital and outpatient surgical center. Objective: To evaluate the outcome and safety of modified PLF-PELD with a specially designed instrument for complex uncontained lumbar HDs. Method: From April of 2007 to April of 2009, 148 patients with uncontained lumbar HDs were treated with modified PLF-PELD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) checkup was performed the next morning after the operation. Outcomes of symptoms were evaluated by follow-up interviews at 3 months, 6 months, one year, and 5 years after surgery. Low back pain and leg pain were measured by visual analog scale (VAS) score (1 – 100). Functional outcomes were assessed by using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and modified MacNab criteria. Result: Follow-up data were obtained from 134 cases, including 14 cases on L3-4, 78 cases on L4-5, and 42 cases on L5-S1. One hundred-eight cases were prolapse type, while 26 cases were sequestration type. Pre-operative symptoms and deficits included nerve root dermatome hypoesthesia in 98 patients (73%), nerve root myotome muscle weakness in 32 patients (23%), and weakening or disappearance of tendon reflex in 43 patients (32%). No case required conversion to an open procedure during the surgery. Low back pain and leg pain were significantly relieved immediately after surgery in all patients. MRI examination showed adequate removal of HD in all patients. VAS scores and ODI values were significantly lower at all time points after surgery than before surgery. The percentage of pain relief in leg pain was significantly higher than that in low back pain (P < 0.01). But there was no significant correlation between duration of the preoperative symptoms and the percentage of pain relief. MacNab scores at 5 years after surgery were obtained from 134 patients. Seventy-five cases were rated “excellent”; 49 were rated “good,” Five patients experienced heavier low back pain, thus being classified as “fair.” Five cases with recurrence were rated “poor.” Preoperative and postoperative (5 years follow-up) related nerve root function status was compared. Sensation and muscle strength recovered significantly (P < 0.01), while tendon reflex was not changed (P = 0.782). No patients had infections. Five patients were complicated with dysesthesia in distribution of the exiting nerve that was all operated at L5-S1. Complaints were reduced one week after treatment with medium frequency pulse electrotherapy. Five cases required a revision surgery after recurrence. Limitations: This is an observational clinical case series study without comparison. Cohort Study Modified Percutaneous Lumbar Foraminoplasty and Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: Instrument Design, Technique Notes, and 5 Years Follow-up From: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA’s General Hospital Beijing, China Address Correspondence: Zhen-zhou Li, M.D. Associate Chief Surgeon The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA’s General Hospital, Department of Orthopedic Surgery No. 51, Fucheng Road Haidian district Beijing, Beijing 100048 China 86 1068989322 E-mail: dr_lizhenzhou@163.com Disclaimer: There was no external funding in the preparation of this manuscript. Conflict of interest: Each author certifies that he or she, or a member of his or her immediate family, has no commercial association (i.e., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted manuscript. Manuscript received: 08-10-2015 Revised manuscript received: 12-28-2015 Accepted for publication: 03-28-2015 Free full manuscript: www.painphysicianjournal. com Zhen-zhou Li, MD, Shu-xun Hou, MD, Wei-lin Shang, MD, Ke-ran Song, MD, and Hong-liang Zhao, MD www.painphysicianjournal.com Pain Physician 2017; 20:E85-E98 • ISSN 2150-1149 Conclusion: Modified PLF-PELD with a specially designed instrument is a less invasive, effective and safe surgery for complex uncontained lumbar DH. Key words: Lumbar disc herniation, minimally invasive treatment, foraminoplasty, percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy

Full-endoscopic lumbar decompression versus open posterior interbody fusion for surgical treatment of stable lumbar disc herniation in patients over 65 years: A retrospective cohort study with 2-year follow-up

“…Recurrence is another important problem for endoscopic surgery. Early studies have showed a recurrence rate of 3.7%-6.9% during the follow-up period in all patients with LDH [28,14,26]. In current study, 11(7.2%) in 153 patients over 65 years underwent FELD had recurrence.…”

Percutaneous Endoscopic Transforaminal Discectomy versus Conventional Open Lumbar Discectomy for Upper Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Comparative Cohort Study

“…Furthermore, the whole hernia fragment in both the epidural and intradiscal spaces should be completely removed to prevent recurrence. Secondly, unlike in the lower lumbar levels, the neural foraminal zone in the upper lumbar levels is relatively large so it is rare for foraminal stenosis to interfere with the transforaminal approach [29,30]. Thus, the dural sac is readily exposed through the foraminal window, and preoperative evaluation can prevent the performance of unnecessary foraminoplasty.…”

Radiographic Assessment on Magnetic Resonance Imaging after Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Foraminotomy

“…First, MRI is the best imaging study for nerve root compression by various soft tissues, such as ligament flavum, foraminal ligaments, and redundant disc. 29 , 35 , 36) Second, although computed tomography (CT) scan is superior to MRI with respect to bony structures, there is no other objective or qualitative measurement tools using a CT scan for evaluating lumbar foraminal stenosis. Our data showed that postoperative MRI can reflect the decompression status in both qualitative and quantitative manners, despite the possibility of perineural fat tissue removal during the decompression process.…”