Modulated anharmonic ADPs are intrinsic to aperiodic crystals: a case study on incommensurate Rb<sub>2</sub>ZnCl<sub>4</sub>

Li, L.; Wölfel, Alexander; Schönleber, Andreas; Mondal, Swastik; Schreurs, Antoine M. M.; Kroon-Batenburg, Loes M. J.; Smaalen, Sander van

doi:10.1107/s0108768111013814

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The reproduction of the myogenesis process from mammalian embryonic skeletal muscle cells was demonstrated, as previously reported in both in vivo and in vitro studies [ 45 - 47 ]. It is well known that cadherin plays important roles in morphogenesis, such as cell recognition and cell rearrangement including myogenesis, both in the embryo and in the adult organism during regeneration [ 20 , 43 , 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Toxoplasma gondiidown modulates cadherin expression in skeletal muscle cells inhibiting myogenesis

et al. 2011

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BackgroundToxoplasma gondii belongs to a large and diverse group of obligate intracellular parasitic protozoa. Primary culture of mice skeletal muscle cells (SkMC) was employed as a model for experimental toxoplasmosis studies. The myogenesis of SkMC was reproduced in vitro and the ability of T. gondii tachyzoite forms to infect myoblasts and myotubes and its influence on SkMC myogenesis were analyzed.ResultsIn this study we show that, after 24 h of interaction, myoblasts (61%) were more infected with T. gondii than myotubes (38%) and inhibition of myogenesis was about 75%. The role of adhesion molecules such as cadherin in this event was investigated. First, we demonstrate that cadherin localization was restricted to the contact areas between myocytes/myocytes and myocytes/myotubes during the myogenesis process. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting analysis of parasite-host cell interaction showed a 54% reduction in cadherin expression at 24 h of infection. Concomitantly, a reduction in M-cadherin mRNA levels was observed after 3 and 24 h of T. gondii-host cell interaction.ConclusionsThese data suggest that T. gondii is able to down regulate M-cadherin expression, leading to molecular modifications in the host cell surface that interfere with membrane fusion and consequently affect the myogenesis process.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Toxoplasma gondiidown modulates cadherin expression in skeletal muscle cells inhibiting myogenesis

et al. 2011

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“…Both harmonic and unharmonic ADP modulations have been attempted, according to model from Li et. al.,26 similar results can be obtained by refining ADPs by 4 harmonic waves combined with 2 unharmonic waves, and refining ADPs by 6 harmonic waves. Further inclusion of unharmonic ADP modulation can significantly reduce the R factor, but is in expense of bond valence summations.…”

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confidence: 79%

Crystal Chemistry of Melilite [CaLa]₂[Ga]₂[Ga₂O₇]₂: a Five Dimensional Solid Electrolyte

Wei

Baikie

et al. 2012

Inorg. Chem.

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Melilite-type [A(2)](2)[B(I)](2)[B(II)(2)O(7)](2) gallates are promising ion conducting electrolytes for deployment in solid oxide fuel cells. Single crystals of [CaLa](2)[Ga](2)[Ga(2)O(7)](2), grown in an optical floating zone furnace, were investigated using a combination of transmission electron microscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Strong anisotropic displacements of oxygen arise from the structural misfit between the interlayer Ca/La cations and the [Ga]-[Ga(2)O(7)] tetrahedral layers. A model employing two-dimensional modulation achieves bond lengths and bond angles that preserve satisfactory bond valence sums throughout the structure. The melilite belongs to the tetragonal superspace group P42(1)m(α, α, 0)00s(α, α, 0)000, α = 0.2160(5), with a subcell metric of a = 7.9383(2) Å, c = 5.2641(3) Å, onto which modulation vectors are superimposed: q(1) = α (a* + b*), q(2) = α (-a* + b*). Both displacive (cation and anion) and occupational (cation) modulations contribute to incommensuration. The analysis of structural adjustments that accompany changes in temperature and composition provides assurance that the crystal chemical model is correct. By better understanding the flexibility of this modulated structure a rational approach toward crystallochemical optimization of electrolyte performance by enhancing oxygen mobility becomes feasible.

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“…It can be concluded that EDMA is able to calculate the properties of critical points and atomic basins with very good accuracy. The original version of EDMA has been used to determine the atomic positions (atomic modulation functions) of aperiodic [LaS] 1:14 [NbS 2 ] and Rb 2 ZnCl 4 (van Smaalen et al, 2003;Li et al, 2011). Properties at BCPs and ionic charges (number of atoms in atomic basins) have been determined for several amino acids and tripeptides (Netzel et al, 2008;Netzel & van Smaalen, 2009).…”

Section: Validation Of Edmamentioning

confidence: 99%

EDMA: a computer program for topological analysis of discrete electron densities

2012

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EDMA is a computer program for topological analysis of discrete electron densities according to Bader's theory of atoms in molecules. It locates critical points of the electron density and calculates their principal curvatures. Furthermore, it partitions the electron density into atomic basins and integrates the volume and charge of these atomic basins. EDMA can also assign the type of the chemical element to atomic basins based on their integrated charges. The latter feature can be used for interpretation of ab initio electron densities obtained in the process of structure solution. A particular feature of EDMA is that it can handle superspace electron densities of aperiodic crystals in arbitrary dimensions. EDMA first generates real‐space sections at a selected set of phases of the modulation wave, and subsequently analyzes each section as an ordinary three‐dimensional electron density. Applications of EDMA to model electron densities have shown that the relative accuracy of the positions of the critical points, the electron densities at the critical points and the Laplacian is of the order of 10−4 or better.

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Modulated anharmonic ADPs are intrinsic to aperiodic crystals: a case study on incommensurate Rb₂ZnCl₄

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Toxoplasma gondiidown modulates cadherin expression in skeletal muscle cells inhibiting myogenesis

Toxoplasma gondiidown modulates cadherin expression in skeletal muscle cells inhibiting myogenesis

Crystal Chemistry of Melilite [CaLa]₂[Ga]₂[Ga₂O₇]₂: a Five Dimensional Solid Electrolyte

EDMA: a computer program for topological analysis of discrete electron densities

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Modulated anharmonic ADPs are intrinsic to aperiodic crystals: a case study on incommensurate Rb2ZnCl4

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Toxoplasma gondiidown modulates cadherin expression in skeletal muscle cells inhibiting myogenesis

Toxoplasma gondiidown modulates cadherin expression in skeletal muscle cells inhibiting myogenesis

Crystal Chemistry of Melilite [CaLa]2[Ga]2[Ga2O7]2: a Five Dimensional Solid Electrolyte

EDMA: a computer program for topological analysis of discrete electron densities

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Product

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Modulated anharmonic ADPs are intrinsic to aperiodic crystals: a case study on incommensurate Rb₂ZnCl₄

Crystal Chemistry of Melilite [CaLa]₂[Ga]₂[Ga₂O₇]₂: a Five Dimensional Solid Electrolyte