The
development of efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts
based on non-noble metals for water electrolysis is both urgent and
challenging. However, unresolved issues remain regarding the challenge
of identifying the active phase and gaining a comprehensive understanding
of its surface reconstruction and functionality throughout the reaction
process. In this study, we have combined doping and heterostructure
construction by a one-step electrodeposition and a subsequent activation
treatment to synthesize Fe, V co-doped Co3O4/Co(OH)2 and Co/Co(OH)2 heterointerfaces (referred
to as A-Co60Fe1.1V). These heterointerfaces,
composed of Co/Co(OH)2 and Co3O4/Co(OH)2, are proposed to facilitate charge transfer process during
catalysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrates
that the introduction of V and Fe dopants increases the valence state
of Co centers in Co3O4 and Co(OH)2. Further operando Raman spectroscopy reveals that Co(OH)2 and Co3O4 with the high-valence Co centers
remain stable during the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) process.
These high-valence Co centers are believed to promote the crucial
water dissociation step and therefore enhance the overall HER catalysis.
On the other hand, during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), Fe,
V co-doping leads to an earlier formation of the active CoOOH species,
while Fe doping can further help stabilize the more reactive β-CoOOH
species instead of the less reactive γ-CoOOH. As a result, the
A-Co60Fe1.1V catalyst exhibits significantly
improved catalytic activity for both HER and OER that it requires
low overpotentials of 51 and 250 mV, respectively, to attain a current
density of 10 mA cm–2. Moreover, when utilized as
both the cathode and anode in alkaline water electrolysis, the A-Co60Fe1.1V catalyst can operate at a mere 1.54 V voltage
while maintaining 10 mA cm–2, surpassing the majority
of non-noble metal catalysts. Remarkably, it also exhibits stability
for at least 40 h at ∼100 mA cm–2.