Vanadium
dioxide (VO2) is a thermochromic material that
can be used in advanced applications such as smart energy-saving windows
and other smart optical/electronic devices. However, obtaining a comfortable
metal–insulator transition temperature while improving solar
utilization in VO2 remains an unresolved question at both
the fundamental and application levels of research. Although studies
on designing TiO2/VO2 multilayers to address
the above issues have been widely reported, the nature of the metal–insulator
transition and how thickness and defects affect phase transition behaviors
are still subjects of ongoing debate. Herein, by varying the VO2 or TiO2 layer thicknesses or inducing defects
such as oxygen vacancies and interstitial Ti/V atoms, the metal–insulator
behavior including the atomic and electronic structures of TiO2/VO2 superlattices was systematically investigated.
Our results show that the V–V distances in (m + n)TiO2/VO2(001) superlattices
exhibit discontinuous dimerization characteristic and the superlattices
exhibit alternating metal–insulator transition characteristics
as the layer thickness m increases from 0 to 10.
When 0 < m = n < 10, the band
gaps for (m + n)TiO2/VO2(001) superlattices exhibit a downward-opening parabola. However,
when 0 < m < 10 and m + n = 10, the band gaps fluctuate around 0.4 eV. Additionally,
defects such as oxygen vacancies or cationic interstitial Ti/V atoms
have a great impact on the metal–insulator transition in (m + n)TiO2/VO2(001)
superlattices. Oxygen vacancies are preferentially located in the
VO2 layer. When oxygen vacancies are present in the TiO2 layer, they migrate across the interface into the VO2 layers, indicating that there is considerable interdiffusion
of V/Ti interstitial atoms across the interface. The interstitial
V atoms diffuse more easily into the VO2 layer than interstitial
Ti atoms. The current findings may be useful in understanding the
metal–insulator behavior of VO2/TiO2 superlattices
by varying the layer thickness or inducing defects, thereby providing
a new approach for designing VO2-based heterostructures
for smart energy-saving windows or other smart optical/electronic
devices.