The possibility to
precisely control reaction outcomes for pursuing
materials with well-defined features is a main endeavor in the development
of inorganic materials. Confining reactions within a confined space,
such as nanoreactors, is an extremely promising methodology which
allows to ensure control over the final properties of the material.
An effective room temperature inverse miniemulsion approach for the
controlled synthesis of undoped and Eu3+-doped calcium
molybdate crystalline nanophosphors was developed. The advantages
and the efficiency of confined space in terms of controlling nanoparticle
features like size, shape, and functional properties are highlighted
by systematically comparing miniemulsion products with calcium molybdate
particles obtained without confinement from a typical batch synthesis.
A relevant beneficial impact of space confinement by miniemulsion
nanodroplets is observed on the control of size and shape of the final
nanoparticles, resulting in 12 nm spherical nanoparticles with a narrow
size distribution, as compared to the 58 nm irregularly shaped and
aggregated particles from the batch approach (assessed by TEM analysis).
Further considerable effects of the confined space for the miniemulsion
samples are found on the doping effectiveness, leading to a more homogeneous
distribution of the Eu3+ ions into the molybdate host matrix,
without segregation (assessed by PXRD, XAS, and ICP-MS). These findings
are finally related to the photoluminescence properties, which are
evidenced to be closely dependent on the Eu3+ content for
the miniemulsion samples, as an increase of the relative intensity
of the direct f–f excitation and a shortening
of the lifetime (from 0.901 ms for 1 at. % to 0.625 ms for 7 at. %
samples) with increasing Eu3+ content are observed, whereas
no relationship between these parameters and the Eu3+ content
is evidenced for the batch samples. All these results are ascribed
to the uniform and controlled crystallization occurring inside each
miniemulsion nanodroplet, as opposed to the less controlled nucleation
and growth for a classic nonconfined approach.