Modulation Instability in Dispersion and Gain Managed Fibers

The Tax Models in Japan and Korea: Concepts and Evidence from a Comparative Perspective

“…War experiences as well as a broad policy consensus that the core beneficiaries of rapid economic growth should pay a major proportion of tax burdens provided a political justification for this tax scheme (Brownlee 2009; Ide and Steinmo 2009; Johnson 1982; Yun 1997, 99–121). When considering the tax base, the governments provided an extensive array of exemptions and deductions for direct income taxes, mostly targeting middle-to-low wage earners, companies, and asset holders (Brownlee and Ide 2017; Choi et al 1991, 219–221, 285–291; Yang and Min 2013, 57–64). This preferential policy was deemed necessary to mobilize massive private savings and investments and also provided an effective measure to compensate for the lack of public welfare programs available for citizens.…”

“…Scholars have built on the notion of fiscal developmentalism to explore key aspects of tax policies in Japan and Korea. While highlighting such common features as lowest taxation, progressive tax collection, and extensive tax expenditures (Brownlee and Ide 2017; Choi et al 1991, 219–221, 285–291; Yang and Min 2013, 57–64), they have nonetheless identified considerable differences between the two cases.…”

“…Ideally, progressivity can be measured by considering all diverse tax payments across different economic groups (Piketty and Saez 2007; Prasad and Deng 2009; Saez and Zucman 2019). Given the difficulty of producing such extensive tax data across countries, Japanese and Korean studies have instead focused on certain progressive tax categories, such as personal and corporate income taxes, and analyzed their statutory or marginal rates across different income groups and countries (Choi et al 1991; De Mooij and Saito 2014, 5–7; Dewit and Steinmo 2002, 163; Dalsgaard and Kawagoe 2000, 41; Dalsgaard 2000, 42, 51, 54; Ide and Steinmo 2009, 130; Kim 2009, 208; Kim, M.-K. 2018, 274). While this approach appears practical from a comparative perspective, its narrow focus on progressive taxes has resulted in an uncomprehensive assessment of the overall progressivity of taxation.…”

“…Existing studies have documented these tax features fairly comprehensively (Choi and Hyun 1997; Choi et al 1991; Ishi 2001; Keen et al 2011; Keen 2008; Kim, M.-K. 2018). However, limited efforts have been made to establish a conceptual and empirical framework to identify key aspects of tax policies in Japan and Korea from a broader OECD perspective.…”