Modulation instability in second harmonic generation in metamaterials with quadratic nonlinearity

Zhang, Lingling; Dai, Xiaoyu; Xiang, Yuanjiang; Wen, Shuangchun

doi:10.1007/s00340-015-6255-1

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The surface potential decay plot was constructed on the basis on the maximum‐recorded surface potential by the KPFM (i.e., the peak value in Figure 9). In addition, it is noteworthy to mention that the KPFM charge spot size effective diameter and spot size area were 1.68 μm and 2.22 μm 2 , respectively, at V = −9.8 V and decayed while growing radially to a spot size effective diameter of 2.95 μm and spot size area by more than 3‐folds to 6.83 μm 2 over a period of 8000 s at V = −9.1 V. This radial expansion was due to the surface charge neutralization and transport through the surface of the film as discussed in 19 . Moreover, conditioning the AFM acoustic hood to elevated RH was rather difficult, as that would lead to corroding the internal AFM parts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Most importantly, the difference between the three measurement techniques was based on the length scale of measurements and the output of the response. AFM offers many advantages when compared to the other two methods among them: (i) the decay and the growth of the charge spot size at a micron level as a function of time, (ii) the possibility of constructing complex graphs to track the charge neutralization due to bulk volumetric and surface conduction by constructing 2D and 3D view of the data, 19 and most significantly unlike the Faraday cup and the ATR‐FTIR methods, and (iii) the AFM technique being more realistic for the prepreg application where charged particles are in contact with fibers over small areas (similar to spot size in this test). Both Faraday cup and ATR‐FTIR are (i) fast techniques to measure the time decay constant (i.e., each measurement will take less than 10 s), (ii) does not have any detection limit to measure charge/peak intensity (i.e., Faraday cup sensitivity to picocoulombs), and (iii) output the average charge decay over the entire surface in a single value for Faraday cup, and output the average functional groups decay at a small sampling surface (~1.8 mm in diameter) for ATR‐FTIR method.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Corona/ion discharging, tribo charging, and ozone charging are among these methods. The charge decay on insulating materials can be monitored and quantified using different techniques, such as a Faraday cup, and surface potential measurement techniques, such as Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFPM) and electrostatic probes 13–20 . Most reported literature on polymeric materials have studied the effect of humidity on charge decay as a function of surface and volume resistivities 21–24 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feasibility of Kelvin probe force microscopy to measure the surface potential decay of polystyrene film due to relative humidity

Jaber,

Abu Obaid,

Advani

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The feasibility of measuring the surface potential decay of polystyrene (PS) film is investigated at room temperature by using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). The PS film was charged by an ion injection method utilizing Bruker's atomic force microscope (AFM) Nanoman module with a pulse duration of 1 ms, SCM‐PIT electrically conductive probe, and a voltage pulse of −250 mV. The surface potential decayed linearly on a semi‐log scale with time, where the time decay constant was quantified for relative humidity (RH) = 5% by KPFM at room temperature. The surface potential decayed due to the interaction of the PS film with the hydronium ions available in the environment. Furthermore, the effect of the material forms (film vs. microspheres) on the time decay constant at RH = 5% was investigated. The time decay constants measured using different methods exhibited excellent correlation with the AFM‐KPFM. This also confirmed that the results are independent of the material form (microspheres vs. film form). As a result, the proposed method can be used to measure the effect of RH for any PS surface (i.e., particles of various sizes and films) exposed to these environmental conditions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Feasibility of Kelvin probe force microscopy to measure the surface potential decay of polystyrene film due to relative humidity

Jaber,

Abu Obaid,

Advani

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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show abstract

“…Modulation instability (MI) is a process of exponential growth of weak perturbations imposed on the continuous waves (CWs) as a result of interplay between the dispersion and the nonlinearity. [1][2][3][4][5] The occurrence of MI is closely related to the soliton existence of the nonlinear system involved, a result of balancing the effects of dispersion and the nonlinearity, [6,7] and is also responsible for the rogue wave formation. [8][9][10] MI can be applied for ultrashort pulse generation and supercontinuum generation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation instabilities in randomly birefringent two-mode optical fibers

Ren

Pei

et al. 2016

Chinese Phys. B

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Modulation instabilities in the randomly birefringent two-mode optical fibers (RB-TMFs) are analyzed in detail by accounting the effects of the differential mode group delay (DMGD) and group velocity dispersion (GVD) ratio between the two modes, both of which are absent in the randomly birefringent single-mode optical fibers (RB-SMFs). New MI characteristics are found in both normal and anomalous dispersion regimes. For the normal dispersion, without DMGD, no MI exists. With DMGD, a completely new MI band is generated as long as the total power is smaller than a critical total power value, named by P cr , which increases significantly with the increment of DMGD, and reduces dramatically as GVD ratio and power ratio between the two modes increases. For the anomalous dispersion, there is one MI band without DMGD. In the presence of DMGD, the MI gain is reduced generally. On the other hand, there also exists a critical total power (P cr ), which increases (decreases) distinctly with the increment of DMGD (GVD ratio of the two modes) but varies complicatedly with the power ratio between the two modes. Two MI bands are present for total power smaller than P cr , and the dominant band can be switched between the low and high frequency bands by adjusting the power ratio between the two modes. The MI analysis in this paper is verified by numerical simulation.

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“…In the context of metamaterials, owing to the exceptional properties of NIM, the MI was extensively studied by different groups. For instance, Xiang et al reported the MI in metamaterial with saturable nonlinearity [30], and Zhang et al studied MI in the second harmonic generation in metamaterials with quadratic nonlinearity [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A theoretical study on threshold conditions of modulation instability in oppositely directed couplers

Porsezian

Ali

Nithyanandan

2016

J. Opt.

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We theoretically investigate threshold conditions to observe modulation instability (MI) in a two-core nonlinear oppositely directed coupler (ODC) with a negative-index material (NIM) channel. Using linear stability analysis, we obtain an expression for the instability gain. The analysis shows, with two discrete instability regions, that the band at lower values of f (ratio of the backward to forward-propagating waves amplitude) is a result of the nonlinear positive index material (PIM) channel while the broader range band is a consequence of the nonlinear NIM channel. Both bands are highly sensitive to system parameters. We demonstrate that MI has a threshold-like condition in the normal dispersion regime. This study also shows that gain increases proportionally to power increases and the two instability regions approach each other, thereby narrowing the stability region. Furthermore, we report that the effect of pump power and the coupling coefficient on instability gain have an opposite relationship. Similarly, study of the influence of the nonlinear coefficient on critical power (Pc) shows that Pc gradually decreases as the nonlinear coefficient increases. Thus, a comprehensive study on the influence of various physical effects on MI is reported in this paper.

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Modulation instability in second harmonic generation in metamaterials with quadratic nonlinearity

Cited by 8 publications

References 43 publications

Feasibility of Kelvin probe force microscopy to measure the surface potential decay of polystyrene film due to relative humidity

Feasibility of Kelvin probe force microscopy to measure the surface potential decay of polystyrene film due to relative humidity

Modulation instabilities in randomly birefringent two-mode optical fibers

A theoretical study on threshold conditions of modulation instability in oppositely directed couplers

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