Modulation of Fear Extinction by Stress, Stress Hormones and Estradiol: A Review

Stockhorst, Ursula; Antov, Martin I.

doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00359

Cited by 54 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 276 publications

(387 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Data from N = 19 male students between 18 and 29 years (M = 23.6, SEM = 0.68), with a BMI between 19.15 and 31.56 kg/m 2 (M = 24.10, SEM = 0.43) comprised the final sample. Fear extinction and delayed recall are prone to sex differences linked to the female sex hormone 17-beta-estradiol 64,65 . Here, the sex-hormone question was not relevant.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visuocortical tuning to a threat-related feature persists after extinction and consolidation of conditioned fear

Antov

Plog

Bierwirth

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

neurons in the visual cortex sharpen their orientation tuning as humans learn aversive contingencies.A stimulus orientation (cS+) that reliably predicts an aversive noise (unconditioned stimulus: US) is selectively enhanced in lower-tier visual cortex, while similar unpaired orientations (cS−) are inhibited. Here, we examine in male volunteers how sharpened visual processing is affected by fear extinction learning (where no US is presented), and how fear and extinction memory undergo consolidation one day after the original learning episode. Using steady-state visually evoked potentials from electroencephalography in a fear generalization task, we found that extinction learning prompted rapid changes in orientation tuning: Both conditioned visuocortical and skin conductance responses to the cS+ were strongly reduced. next-day re-testing (delayed recall) revealed a brief but precise return-of-tuning to the cS+ in visual cortex accompanied by a brief, more generalized return-of-fear in skin conductance. explorative analyses also showed persistent tuning to the threat cue in higher visual areas, 24 h after successful extinction, outlasting peripheral responding. Together, experiencebased changes in the sensitivity of visual neurons show response patterns consistent with memory consolidation and spontaneous recovery, the hallmarks of long-term neural plasticity.

show abstract

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visuocortical tuning to a threat-related feature persists after extinction and consolidation of conditioned fear

Antov

Plog

Bierwirth

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is beyond the scope of this review to discuss all findings of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction in humans diagnosed with AUD or PTSD. The literature is rife with reviews focusing specifically on the role of HPA axis function and dysfunction in acute alcohol effects (Rivier 2014), development of AUD (Clarke et al 2008), fear conditioning and extinction (Stockhorst & Antov 2015), acute and chronic stress effects (Herman et al 2002;McEwen et al 2015;Wamsteeker & Bains 2010) and PTSD pathology and diagnosis (Daskalakis et al 2013). Here, we describe several of the most pertinent findings as they relate to AUD and PTSD trajectory in humans, as well as animal data aimed at understanding the role of the HPA axis in comorbid high traumatic stress reactivity and escalated alcohol drinking.…”

Section: Hpa Axis Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiology of comorbid post‐traumatic stress disorder and alcohol‐use disorder

Gilpin

Weiner

2016

Genes Brain and Behavior

127

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol-use disorder (AUD) are highly comorbid in humans. Although we have some understanding of the structural and functional brain changes that define each of these disorders, and how those changes contribute to the behavioral symptoms that define them, little is known about the neurobiology of comorbid PTSD and AUD, which may be due in part to a scarcity of adequate animal models for examining this research question. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state-of-the-science on comorbid PTSD and AUD. We summarize epidemiological data documenting the prevalence of this comorbidity, review what is known about the potential neurobiological basis for the frequent co-occurrence of PTSD and AUD and discuss successes and failures of past and current treatment strategies. We also review animal models that aim to examine comorbid PTSD and AUD, highlighting where the models parallel the human condition, and we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each model. We conclude by discussing key gaps in our knowledge and strategies for addressing them: in particular, we (1) highlight the need for better animal models of the comorbid condition and better clinical trial design, (2) emphasize the need for examination of subpopulation effects and individual differences and (3) urge cross-talk between basic and clinical researchers that is reflected in collaborative work with forward and reverse translational impact.

show abstract

“…Despite the Pavlovian school's extensive research on autonomic conditioning (Gantt, 1964), the role of Pavlovian conditioning of the ANS in the regulation of OT and related hormones in autonomic learning has received relatively little attention over the past 50 years. While Pavlovian conditioning is used to illicit a fear response in animal research, these papers are almost exclusively focused on brain memory (Stockhorst & Antov, 2015), central nervous system theories (Izquierdo, Furini, & Myskiw, 2016), and operant conditioning to overcome the effects (Tundo & Necci, 2016). The exclusive focus on brain-based mechanisms has obscured a whole-organism view of mammalian biology, one that takes into account the important role of the ANS, especially in the regulation of emotional behavior through bi-directional signaling between the viscera and the brain stem via the vagus nerve.…”

Section: Visceral Signalling and Emotional Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Calming Cycle Theory and the Co-Regulation of Oxytocin

Welch

Ludwig

2017

Psychodynamic Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The biological functions of oxytocin in attachment and bonding between mother and infant in parturition and breastfeeding and between adults have been studied extensively. However, most current authors have proposed that infant attachment to the mother is learned through operant conditioning mechanisms via the infant's brain and central nervous system. We propose that oxytocin levels in the mother and infant are co-regulated by emotional connection or disconnection, and that the autonomic co-conditioning learning mechanism can be exploited to change a negative physiological and behavioral response between mother and infant into a positive one. Lack of efficacy and scalability of child development therapies that have come out of the attachment theoretical framework have prompted calls for new ideas. Here, we review calming cycle theory, which takes a new view of the emotional relationship of mother and infant, and predicts ways to positively intervene when problems arise. The theory builds upon the research and ideas of Pavlov and his followers and proposes that subcortical Pavlovian co-conditioning of the autonomic nervous systems of mother and infant is the key to maintaining emotional connection between the two and to shaping emotional behavior of the infant into adulthood. We review evidence in support of calming cycle theory from a randomized controlled trial of Family Nurture Intervention (FNI), which is designed to overcome adverse emotional, behavioral, and developmental outcomes in prematurely born infants. Finally, we discuss the role of visceral oxytocin and emotional behavior, and that the conditional motherinfant relationship may affect behavioral changes through anti-inflammatory gut-brain stem vagal signaling.

show abstract

Modulation of Fear Extinction by Stress, Stress Hormones and Estradiol: A Review

Cited by 54 publications

References 276 publications

Visuocortical tuning to a threat-related feature persists after extinction and consolidation of conditioned fear

Visuocortical tuning to a threat-related feature persists after extinction and consolidation of conditioned fear

Neurobiology of comorbid post‐traumatic stress disorder and alcohol‐use disorder

Calming Cycle Theory and the Co-Regulation of Oxytocin

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About